138
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The effects of strategic nitrogen fertiliser application during the cool season on perennial ryegrass-white clover pastures in the Western Cape Province 3. Clover content

, &
Pages 269-276 | Accepted 19 May 2006, Published online: 15 Jan 2013

References

  • Ball , P. R. , Molloy , L. F. and Ross , D. J. 1978 . Influence of fertiliser nitrogen on herbage dry matter and nitrogen yields, and botanical composition of a grazed grass-clover pasture . N. Z. J. Agric. Res. , 21 : 47 – 55 .
  • Caradus , R. J. , Pinxterhuis , J. B. , Hay , R. J.M. , Lyons , T. and Hoglund , J. H. 1993 . Response of white clover cultivars to fertilizer nitrogen . N. Z. J. Agric. Res. , 36 : 285 – 295 .
  • Chestnutt , D. M. and Lowe , J. 1970 . “ Review of the agronomy of white clover-grass swards. ” . In Occ. Symp. No 6, Brittish Grassl Soc. Edited by: Lowe , J. 191 – 213 . White clover Research .
  • Chu , A. C.P. and Robertson , A. G. 1974 . The effects of shading and defoliation on nodulation and nitrogen fixation by white clover . Plant & Soil , 41 : 509 – 519 .
  • Curll , M. L. 1982 . The grass and clover content of pastures grazed by sheep . Herbage Abstr. , 52 : 403 – 411 .
  • Davidson , I. A. and Robson , M. J. 1990 . Short-term effects of nitrogen on the growth and nitrogen nutrition of small swards of white clover and perennial ryegrass in spring . Grass Forage Sci. , 45 : 413 – 421 .
  • Dennis , W. D. and Woledge , J. 1985 . The effect of nitrogenous fertilizer on the photosynthesis and growth of white clover/perennial ryegrass swards . Ann. Bot. , 55 : 171 – 178 .
  • Draper , N. R. and Smith , H. 1981 . Applied Regression Analysis. New York : John Wiley & Sons . 2nd ed., Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore
  • Eckard , R. J. 1994 . The nitrogen economy of three irrigated temperate grass pastures with and without clover in Natal. Ph.D Thesis. The University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg. South Africa.
  • Eerens , J. P.J. and Ryan , D. L. 2000 . Managing white clover for productive and profitable sheep farming in Southland . Proc. N. Z. Grassl. Assoc. , 62 : 137 – 140 .
  • Evans , P. S. 1978 . Plant root distribution and water use patterns of some pasture and crop species . N. Z. J. Agric. Res. , 21 : 261 – 265 .
  • Frame , J. 1987 . The effect of strategic fertilizer nitrogen and date of primary harvest on the productivity of perennial ryegrass/white clover sward . Grass Forage Sci. , 42 : 33 – 42 .
  • Frame , J. and Boyd , A. G. 1987 . The effect of strategic use of fertilizer nitrogen in spring and/or autumn on the productivity of perennial ryegrass/white clover sward . Grass Forage Sci. , 42 : 429 – 438 .
  • Frame , J. and Newbould , P. 1986 . Agronomy of white clover . Adv. Agron. , 40 : 1 – 88 .
  • Frame , J. and Peterson , D. J. 1987 . The effect of strategic nitrogen application and defoliation systems on the productivity of a perennial ryegrass/white clover sward . Grass Forage Sci. , 42 : 271 – 280 .
  • Harris , S. L. 1994 . Nitrogen and white clover. Dairy Research Corporation, Hamilton. Pp 22 – 27 .
  • Hatch , D. J. and Macduff , J. H. 1991 . Concurrent rates of N2 fixation, nitrate and ammonium uptake by white clover in response to different root temperatures . Ann. Bot. , 67 : 265 – 274 .
  • Havlin , J. L. , Beaton , J. D. , Tisdale , S. L. and Nelson , W. L. 1999 . Soil Fertility and Fertilizers. 6th edition. Prentice-Hall inc. New Jersey
  • Labuschagne , J. 2005 . Nitrogen management strategies on perennial ryegrass-white clover pastures in the Western Cape Province. Ph. D thesis. University of Stellenbosch.
  • Labuschagne , J. , Hardy , M. B. and Agenbag , G. A. 2006a . The effects of strategic nitrogen fertilizer application during the cool season on perennial ryegrass-white clover pastures in the Western Cape Province. 1. Soil nitrogen dynamics . S. Afr. J. Plant Soil. , 23 : 253 – 261 .
  • Labuschagne , J. , Hardy , M. B. and Agenbag , G. A. 2006b . The effects of strategic nitrogen fertilizer application during the cool season on perennial ryegrass-white clover pastures in the Western Cape Province. 2. Dry matter production . S. Afr. J. Plant Soil. , 23 : 262 – 268 .
  • Laidlaw , A. S. 1980 . The effects of nitrogen fertilizer applied in spring on swards of ryegrass sown with four cultivars of white clover . Grass Forage Sci. , 35 : 295 – 299 .
  • Martin , T. W. 1960 . The role of white clover in grassland . Herbage Abstr. , 30 : 159 – 164 .
  • Macduff , J. H. and Dhanoa , M. S. 1990 . N2 fixation and nitrate uptake by white clover swards in response to root temperature in flowing solution culture . Ann. Bot. , 65 : 325 – 335 .
  • McKENZIE , F. R. , Jacobs , J. L. and Ryan , M. 1998 . Spring and autumn nitrogen fertiliser effects, with and without phosphorus, potassium and sulphur, on dairy pastures: yield and botanical composition . Afr. J. Range For. Sci. , 15 : 102 – 108 .
  • McKENZIE , F. R. , Ryan , M. J. , Jacobs , J. L. and Kearney , G. 1999 . Effect of rate and time of nitrogen application from autumn to midwinter on perennial ryegrass-white clover dairy pastures in western Victoria. 1. Growth and composition . Aust. J. Agric. Res. , 50 : 1059 – 1065 .
  • Miles , N. and Manson , A. D. 2000 . “ Nutrition of planted pastures. ” . In Pasture Management in South Africa. Edited by: Tainton , N. Pietermaritzburg : University of Natal Press .
  • Ott , R. L. 1998 . An introduction to statistical methods and data analysis. California : Duxbury Press . Belmont
  • Russell , E. W. 1988 . “ Russell's Soil Conditions and Plant Growth. 11th edition. ” . Edited by: Wild , A. London , New York : Longman .
  • SAS . 1999 . SAS/STAT User's Guide, Version 8, 1st printing Vol. 2 , Cary , North Carolina : SAS Institute Inc, SAS Campus Drive . ume, 27513
  • Schils , R. L.M. , Vellinga , Th. V. and Kraak , T. 1999 . Dry-matter yield and herbage quality of perennial ryegrass/white clover sward in a rotational grazing and cutting system . Grass Forage Sci. , 54 : 19 – 29 .
  • Shapiro , S. S. and Wilk , M. B. 1965 . An analysis of variance test for normality . Biometrika , 52 : 591 – 611 .
  • Sleugh , B. , Moore , K. J. , George , J. R. and Brummer , E. C. 2000 . Binary legume-grass mixtures improve forage yield, quality and seasonal distribution . Agron. J. , 92 : 24 – 29 .
  • Snedecor , G. W. and Cochran , W. G. 1967 . Statistical Methods. Ames , Iowa : Iowa State University Press . Sixth Ed. The, U.S.A
  • Stout , W. L. , Weaver , R. S. and Elwinger , G. F. 2001 . Effects of early season nitrogen on grass-clover swards in the northern USA . Agron. J. , 93 : 1000 – 1005 .
  • Thomas , H. 1984 . Effects of drought on growth and competitive ability of perennial ryegrass and white clover . J. Appl. Ecol. , 21 : 591 – 602 .
  • Van Heerden , J. M. and Durand , W. 1994 . Influence of nitrogen fertilisation on forage and animal production of a continuously grazed irrigated grass/clover pasture in the Rûens area of the southern Cape . Afr. J. Range For. Sci. , 11 : 69 – 75 .
  • Woledge , J. 1988 . Competition between grass and clover in spring as affected by nitrogen fertilizer . Ann. Appl. Biol. , 112 : 175 – 186 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.