Physiological traits associated with drought tolerance in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under tropical conditions

References

• Acevedo, E., 1993. Improving the yield potential and biotic stress resistance of cultivated wheat. p 281–288 In: D.G. Tanner (ed.). Development of sustainable wheat Production systems. The 8th Regional Wheat Workshop for Eastern, Central and Southern Africa, Campala, Uganda.
   Google Scholar
• Calhoun, D.S., Gebeyehu, G., Miranda, A., Rajaram, S. & Van Ginkel, M., 1994. Choosing evaluation environments to increase wheat grain yield under drought conditions. Crop Sci. 34, 673–678.
   Google Scholar
• Ceccarelli, S., 1987. Wide adaptation: How wide? Euphtica 40, 197–205.
   Google Scholar
• CIMMYT, 1996. CIMMYT 1995/96 world wheat facts and trends: Understanding global trends in the use of wheat diversity and international flows of wheat genetic resources. CIMMYT, Mexico, D.F.: CIMMYT.
   Google Scholar
• Donmez, E., Sears, R.G., Shroyer, J.P. & Paulsen, G.M., 2001. Genetic gain in yield attributes of winter wheat in the great plains. Crop Sci. 41, 1412–1419.
   Google Scholar
• Edhaie, B., 1995. Variation in water-use efficiency and its components in wheat II: Pot and field experiments. Crop Sci. 35, 1617–1626.
   Google Scholar
• Edmeades, G.O., Bolanos, J. & Chapman, S.C., 1996. Value of secondary traits in selecting for drought tolerance in tropical maize. p 45–49. In: G.O. Edmeades, M. Bänziger, H.R. Michelson & C.B. Pea-Valdivia (eds.). Developing drought and low N tolerant maize. Proc. Symp., 25–29 March 1996, CIM-MYT, El Batán, Mexico, D.F: CIMMYT.
   Google Scholar
• El Hafid, R., Smith, D.H., Karrow, M. & Samir, K., 1998. Physiological attributes associated with early season drought resistance in spring durum wheat. Can. J. of Plant Sci. 78, 227–237.
   Google Scholar
• Entz, H.M., & Flower, D.B., 1990. Differential agronomic responses of winter wheat cultivars to pre-anthesis environmental stress. Crop Sci. 30, 1119–1123.
   Google Scholar
• FAO, 2006. Irrigation in the Sub-Saharan Africa in figures, FAO Water Report 9, Rome, Italy.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, R.A., 1996. Wheat physiology at CIMMYT and raising the yield plateau. p 150–166. In: M.P. Reynolds, S. Rajaram & A. McNab (eds). Increasing Yield Potential in Wheat: Breaking the Barriers. Workshop Proc., Cd. Obregon, Mexico, 28–30 Mar. 1996, Mexico, DF, CIMMYT.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, R.A., Rees, D., Sayre, K.D., Lu, Z-M., Condon, A.G. & Larque-Saavedra, A., 1998. Wheat yields progress associated with higher stomatal conductance and photo-synthetic rates, and cooler canopies. Crop Sci. 38, 1467–1475.
   Google Scholar
• Howell, T.A., Tolk, J.A., Schneider, A.D. & Evett, S.R., 1998. Evapotranspiration, yield, and water use efficiency of corn hybrids differing in maturity. Agron. J. 90, 3–9.
   Google Scholar
• ICRAF, 1988. International Centre for Agro-forestry (ICRAF) Field Station, Machakos, Part 1I. General Account, ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya.
   Google Scholar
• Jaetzold, R. & Schimdt, H., 1983. Farm management Handbook of Kenya. Natural conditions and farm management information Vol. II/B. Central and Western Kenya. Kenya Agric. Res. Instit. Annual Report. Government Printers, Nairobi Kenya.
   Google Scholar
• Jefferies, A.R., 1993. Response of potato genotypes to drought I: Expansion of individual leaves and osmotic adjustments. Ann. Appl. Biol. 122, 93–104.
   Google Scholar
• KARI, 2006. Kenya Agric. Res. Instit. Annual Report. KARI, Nairobi, Kenya.
   Google Scholar
• Kimurto, P.K., 2008. Morpho-physiological bases of drought tolerance in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Modelling for semi arid areas of Kenya. PhD Thesis, Egerton University, Kenya.
   Google Scholar
• Kimurto, P.K., Kinyua, M.G., Ogola, J.B.O., Macharia, J.M. & Njau, P.N., 2005. Morphological traits associated with drought tolerance in bread wheat under tropical conditions. Asian J. Plant Sci. 4, 284–292.
   Google Scholar
• Kinyua, M.G., Otukho, B. & Abdalla, O.S., 2000. Developing wheat varieties for the drought-prone areas of Kenya: 1996–1999. p. 105–11 In: CIMMYT 2000. The 11th Regional wheat workshop for Eastern, Central and Southern Africa. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, CIMMYT.
   Google Scholar
• Kirigwi, F.M., Van Ginkel, M., Trethowan, R., Sears, R.G., Rajaram, S. & Paulsen, G.M., 2004. Evaluation of selection strategies for wheat adaptation across water regimes. Euphytica 135, 361–371.
   Google Scholar
• Ludlow, M.M. & Muchow R.C., 1990. A critical evaluation of trait for improving crop yields in water-limited environments. Adv. Agron. 43: 106–153.
   Google Scholar
• Mugo, S., Smith, M., Banzinger, M. & Setter, T., 1998. Performance of early maturing Katumani and Kito composites under drought at the seedling stage and flowering stages. Afr. Crop Sci. J. 6, 329–344.
   Google Scholar
• Ogola, J.B.O., Wheeler, T.R. & Harris, P.M., 2002. Effects of nitrogen and irrigation on water use of maize crops. Field Crops Res. 78, 105–117.
   Google Scholar
• Ogola, J.B.O., Wheeler, T.R. & Harris, P.M., 2005. Water use of maize in response to planting density and irrigation. S. Afr. J. Plant Soil. 22, 116–121.
   Google Scholar
• Ooro, P., 2004. Use of path analysis to determine water use efficiency in bread wheat under rain out shelter. Msc Thesis, Egerton University, Kenya.
   Google Scholar
• Pfeiffer, W.H., Trethowan, R.M. & Payne, T.S., 2000. CIMMYT’s approach to address production constraints in marginal areas-Global Project 5. p. 6–15 In: CIMMYT 2000. The 11th Regional wheat workshop for Eastern, Central and Southern Africa. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, CIMMYT.
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds, M.P., Nagarajan, S., Razzque, M.A. & Ageeb, O.A.A., 2001. Heat tolerance. In: M.P. Reynolds, I. Ortiz-Monasterio & A. McNab (eds.). Application of physiology in wheat breeding. Mexico, DF, CIMMYT.
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds, M.P., Amaro, T. & Araus, J.L., 1999. Spectral reflectance as a potential screening technique in wheat breeding. Wheat Report. CIMMYT, Mexico, D.F.
   Google Scholar
• Richards, R.A., Rebetzke, G.J., Condon, A.G. & Van Herwaarden, A.F., 2002. Breeding opportunities for increasing the efficiency of water use and crop yield in temperate cereals. Crop Sci. 42, 111–121.
   Google Scholar
• SAS, 1996. SAS institute Inc.; SAS/STAT users guide, release 6.13. Cary N.C USA.
   Google Scholar
• Siddique, K.H.M., Tennant, D., Perry, M.W. & Belford, R.K., 1990. Water use and water use efficiency of old and modern wheat cultivars in a Mediterranean environment. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 41, 432–447.
   Google Scholar
• Sinclair, T.R., C.B., Tanner & Bennet, J.M., 1984. Water use efficiency in crop production. Bioscience 34, 40–60.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, N.C., 2001. Optimizing water use. p 119–135. In: J. Nos-berger., H.H. Geiger and P.C. Struik (eds.). Crop Science Congress Proceedings. Australia. CAB International.
   Google Scholar
• UNEP, 2008. United Nations Environment Programme Annual Report, UNEP, Nairobi Kenya.
   Google Scholar
• Van Ginkel, M., Calhoun, D.S., Gebeyehu, G., Miranda, A., Tianyou, C., Pargas Lara, R., Trethowan, R.M., Sayre, K., Crossa, J. & Rajaram, S., 1998. Plant traits related to yield of wheat in early, late or continuous drought conditions. Euphytica 100, 109–121.
   Google Scholar
• WATERMATICS, 1999. Drip irrigation kit: Dew-horse II. Chapin Watermatics Inc. Watertown, USA.
   Google Scholar