Peatland substrates in northern KwaZulu-Natal: a study of the forming environments, properties and an approach towards classification

References

• Adamson JK, Scott WA, Rowland AP, Beard GR. 2000. Ionic concentrations in a blanket peat bog in northern England and correlations with deposition and climate variables. European Journal of Soil Science 52: 69–79. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2389.2001.t01-1-00350.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ad-hoc-AG Boden (Ad-hoc-Arbeitsgruppe Boden der Staatlichen Geologischen Dienste und der Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe). 2005. Bodenkundliche Kartieranleitung (5th edn). Stuttgart: Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.
   Google Scholar
• Arndt J. 2013. Distribution and long-term historic impact of the small-scale subsistence farming on wetlands in the Maputaland, KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa). MSc thesis, Technical University of Munich, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bord na Móna. 1985. Fuel peat in developing countries. World Bank Technical Paper no. 41. Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Botha G, Porat N. 2007. Soil chronosequence development in dunes on the southeast African coastal plain, Maputaland, South Africa. Quaternary International 162–163: 111–132. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2006.10.028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brinson MM.1993. A hydrogeomorphic classification for wetlands. Technical Report WRP-DE-4. Washington, DC: US Army Corps of Engineers.
   Google Scholar
• Dargie GC, Lewis SL, Lawson IT, Mitchard ETA, Page SE, Bocko YE, Ifo SA. 2017. Age, extent and carbon storage of the central Congo Basin peatland complex. Nature 542: 86–90. doi: 10.1038/nature21048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DIN ISO 10694: 1994. Deutsche Industrie Norm: Bodenbeschaffenheit: Bestimmung des organischen Kohlenstoffgehaltes und des Gesamtkohlenstoffgehaltes nach trockener Verbrennung (Elementaranalyse).
   Google Scholar
• DIN EN 15934: 2012-11. Deutsche Industrie Norm: Schlamm, behandelter Bioabfall, Boden und Abfall – Berechnung des Trockenmassenanteils nach Bestimmung des Trockenrückstands oder des Wassergehalts; Deutsche Fassung EN 15934:2012.
   Google Scholar
• Eutech Instruments. 2011. Integrated instruction manual WP 600 series meters (5th rev. edn). Singapore: Eutech Instruments.
   Google Scholar
• FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2006. Guidelines for soil description (4th edn). Rome: FAO.
   Google Scholar
• Farmer J, Matthews R, Smith P, Langan C, Hergoualc’h K, Verchot L, Smith JU. 2014. Comparison of methods for quantifying soil carbon in tropical peats. Geoderma 214–215: 177–183. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.09.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faul F, Gabriel M, Roßkopf N, Zeitz J, van Huyssteen CW, Pretorius ML and Grundling PL. 2016. Physical and hydrological properties of peatland substrates from different hydrogenetic wetland types on the Maputaland Coastal Plain, South Africa. South African Journal of Plant and Soil 33: 265–278. doi: 10.1080/02571862.2016.1141334
   Google Scholar
• Gabriel M, Gałka M, Pretorius ML, Zeitz J. 2017. The development pathways of two peatlands in South Africa over the last 6200 years: implications for peat formation and palaeoclimatic research. The Holocene 27: 1499–1515. doi: 10.1177/0959683617693896
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garschhammer J, Nowotny L, Schneller M. 2016. Degradation of Vasi Pan Peatland - a comparative study after 17 years. MSc project study, Technical University Munich, Germany. Available at https://rs.cms.hu-berlin.de/boku/pages/view.php?ref=676&search=!last1000&order_by=resourceid&sort=DESC&offset=0&archive=0&k=&curpos=1&restypes= [accessed 9 December 2016].
   Google Scholar
• Grobler R. 2009. A phytosociological study of peat swamp forests in the Kosi Bay lake system, Maputaland, South Africa. MSc thesis, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Grundling AT. 2014. Remote sensing and biophysical monitoring of vegetation, terrain attributes and hydrology to map, characterise and classify wetlands of the Maputaland Coastal Plain, KwaZulu-Natal South Africa. PhD thesis, University of Waterloo, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Grundling AT, Grootjans A, Grundling PL, Price JS. 2016. Peatland types and tropical swamp forests on the Maputaland Coastal Plain (South Africa). In: Finlayson CM, Milton GR, Prentice RC, Davidson NC (eds), The wetland book II: distribution, description and conservation. Dordrecht: Springer. pp 1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Grundling PL. 2001. The Quaternary peat deposits of Maputaland, northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: categorisation, chronology and utilisation. MSc thesis, University of Johannesburg, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Grundling PL, Blackmore A. 1998. Peat fire in the Vasi Pan peatland. Council for Geoscience internal report: 1998-0208. South Africa: Council for Geoscience.
   Google Scholar
• Grundling PL, Grobler R. 2005. Peatlands and mires of South Africa. In: Steiner G-M (ed.), Moore von Sibirien bis Feuerland. Stapfia 85. Linz: Land Oberösterreich, Biologiezentrum/ Oberösterreichische Landesmuseen. pp 379–396.
   Google Scholar
• Grundling PL, Mazus H, Baartman L. 1998. Peat resources of northern KwaZulu-Natal wetlands: Maputaland. Pretoria: Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism.
   Google Scholar
• Hoyos-Santillan J, Craigon J, Lomax B, Lopez O, Turner B, Sjögersten S. 2016. Root oxygen loss from Raphia taedigera palms mediates greenhouse gas emissions in lowland neotropical peatlands. Plant and Soil 404: 47–60. doi: 10.1007/s11104-016-2824-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joosten H, Clarke D. 2002. Wise use of mires and peatlands – background and principles including a framework for decision-making. Saarijärvi: International Mire Conversation Group and International Peat Society.
   Google Scholar
• LECO. 2016. Carbon/Hydrogen/Nitrogen Determinator, 628 Series. Available at http://www.leco.com/products/analytical-sciences/carbon-hydrogen-nitrogen-protein-sulfur-oxygen-analyzers/628-series [accessed 24 November 2016].
   Google Scholar
• Lubbe RA. 1997. Vegetation and flora of the Kosi Bay Coastal Forest Reserve in Maputaland, northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. MSc thesis, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Marneweck GC, Grundling PL, Müller JL. 2001. Defining and classification of peat wetland eco-regions in South Africa. Pretoria: Department of Agriculture and Agricultural Research Council.
   Google Scholar
• Maud RR. 1980. The climate and geology of Maputaland. In: Bruton M, Cooper K (eds), Studies on the ecology of Maputaland. Cape Town: Cape and Transvaal Printers. pp 1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Moore PD. 1989. The ecology of peat-forming processes: a review. International Journal of Coal Geology 12: 89–103. doi: 10.1016/0166-5162(89)90048-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mucina L, Rutherford MC (eds). 2006. The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19. Pretoria: South Africa National Biodiversity Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Ollis DJ, Snaddon CD, Job NM, Mbona, N. 2013. Classification system for wetlands and other aquatic ecosystems in South Africa. User Manual: Inland Systems. SANBI Biodiversity Series 22. Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Pretorius ML, Brown LR, Bredenkamp GJ, van Huyssteen CW. 2014. The ecology and species richness of the different plant communities within selected wetlands on the Maputaland Coastal Plain, South Africa, In: Grillo O (ed.), Biodiversity: the dynamic balance of the planet. Rijeka: InTech Publishers. pp 275–296.
   Google Scholar
• Prévost M, Plamondon AP, Bellau P. 1999. Effects of drainage of a forest peatland on water quality and quantity. Journal of Hydrology 214: 130–143. doi: 10.1016/S0022-1694(98)00281-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rydin H, Jeglum J. 2006. The biology of peatlands. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schulte EE, Hopkins BG. 1996. Estimation of soil organic matter by weight loss on ignition. In: Magdoff FR, Tabatabai MA, Hanlon EA (eds), Soil organic matter: analysis and interpretation. Madison: Soil Science Society of America. pp 21–31.
   Google Scholar
• Sieben E. 2012. Plant functional composition and ecosystem properties: the case of peatlands in South Africa. Plant Ecology 213: 809–820. doi: 10.1007/s11258-012-0043-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sieben E, Collins NB, Mtshali H, Venter CE. 2016. The vegetation of inland wetlands with salt-tolerant vegetation in South Africa: description, classification and explanatory environmental factors. South African Journal of Botany 104: 199–207. doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2015.11.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith RJ, Leader-Williams N. 2006. The Maputaland conservation planning system and conservation assessment. Canterbury: Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, University of Kent.
   Google Scholar
• Smuts WJ. 1996. Peat and peatlands in South Africa: characterisation and quantification. Journal of Energy in South Africa 7: 3–9.
   Google Scholar
• Smuts WJ. 1997. Characteristics of South African peats and their potential exploitation. PhD thesis, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Soil Classification Working Group. 1991. Soil classification: a taxonomic system for South Africa. Pretoria: Department of Agricultural Development.
   Google Scholar
• South African Risk and Vulnerability Atlas. 2009. Map of South African potential evaporation. UKZN BioResources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology. Available at: http://rava.qsens.net/themes/water_template/Hydrology%20related%20maps/evaporation-maps/Pevap.jpg/view [accessed 9 December 2016].
   Google Scholar
• Succow M, Joosten H. 2001. Landschaftsökologische Moorkunde (2nd edn). Stuttgart: Schweizbart Science Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor R, Kelbe B, Haldorsen S, Botha GA, Wejden B, Været L, Simonsen MB. 2006. Groundwater-dependent ecology of the shoreline of the subtropical Lake St Lucia estuary. Environmental Geology 49: 586–600. doi: 10.1007/s00254-005-0095-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toxler TG. 2007. Patterns of phosphorus, nitrogen and δ15N along a peat development gradient in a coastal mire, Panama. Journal of Tropical Ecology 23: 683–691. doi: 10.1017/S0266467407004464
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). 2014. Soil taxonomy (3rd edn). Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.
   Google Scholar
• van Lierop W. 1981. Conversion of organic soil pH values measured in water, 0.01M CaCl2 or 1 N KCl. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 61: 577–579. doi: 10.4141/cjss81-067
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Post L. 1922. Sveriges geologiska undersöknings torvinventering och några av dess hittills vunna resultat. Svenska Mosskulturföreningens Tidskrift 37: 1–27 [in Swedish].
   Google Scholar
• von Roeder MAB. 2015. The impact of Eucalyptus plantations on the ecology of Maputaland with special reference to wetlands. MSc thesis, Technical University of Munich, Germany.
   Google Scholar