References
- Cohen , L. , Manion , L. and Morrison , K. 2000 . Research Methods in Education 161 5th ed (London and New York
- D'Olier , J. H. and Delmars , B. 1975 . Planning National Infrastructure for Documentation, Libraries and Archives: Outline of a General Policy 231 Paris
- Santayana , G. 1906 . The Life of Reason
- Allen , G. R. 2000 . ‘Is There a Baby in This Bathwater? Disquieting Thoughts on the Value of Content in History’ . South African Historical Journal , 42 (May, 296; R.B. Burns, Introduction to Research Methods, 4th ed. (London, 2000), 482;and Cohen et al., Research Methods in Education, 158
- In the context of this paper the term ‘archives’ refers to the non-current records of an Organisation. A detailed definition of archives is given in the section on terms and concepts
- Records are all documents, regardless of physical form, produced or received by an individua or Organization in the conduct of business
- Thereafter referred to as appraisal. Note that appraisal is sometimes referred to as records appraisal, evaluation or selection
- Jenkinson , H. 1937 . A Manual of Archive Administration 142 – 4 . London (For a more detailed discussion on subjectivity versus objectivity in archival appraisal decisions, see H. Booms, ‘Society and the Formation of a Documentary Heritage: Issues in the Appraisal of Archiva Sources’, Archivaria 24 (Summer 1987), 67–107 (translated by H. Joldersma and R. Klumpenhouwer). The article originally appeared as H. Booms, ‘Gesellschaftsordnung und Überlieferungsbildung: Zur Problematik Archivarischer Quellenbewertug’, Archivalische Zeitschrift, 68 (1972), 30–40
- Ham , F. G. 1984 . “ ‘The Archival Edge’ ” . In A Modern Archives Reader Edited by: Daniels , M. and Walch , T. 326 Washington in, eds, (Although the article was originally published in 1975, the point still rings true: the system of archival appraisal particularly in southern Africa appears to be confused and incoherent
- Menne-Haritz , A. 1997 . ‘Framework and Aims of Appraisal’ . Janus , 2 : 8
- Maher , W. J. 1992 . The Management of College and University Archives 36 Metuchen, N.J.
- Eastwood , T. 1994 . ‘What is Archival Theory and Why is it Important?’ . Archivaria , 37 : 130 (Spring
- Boorstin , D. 1987 . Hidden History 3 – 9 . New York
- Cook , T. and Craig , B. L. , eds. 1992 . The Archival Imagination: Essays in Honour of Hugh A. Taylor 38 – 70 . Ottawa For the debates and the main points of consensus, see, for instance, ed., (T. Cook, ‘Many are Called but Few are Chosen: Appraisal Guidelines for Sampling and Selecting Case Files’, Archivaria 32 (Summer 1991), 25–50;T. Cook, The Archival Appraisal of Records Containing Personal Information: A RAMP Study with Guidelines (Paris, 1991), available at <http://unesco.org/webworld/ramp/html/>, 2001; T. Eastwood, ‘Toward a Social Theory of Appraisal’, in Craig, The Archival Imagination, 71–89;M. Greene, ‘“The Surest Proof”: A Utilitarian Approach to Appraisal’, Archivaria 45 (Winter 1998), 126–69;J.A. Marshall, ‘Documentation Strategies in the Twenty-First Century?: Rethinking Institutional Priorities and Professional Limitations’, Archival Issues, 23, 1 (1998), 59–74;T. Abraham, ‘Collection Policy or Documentation Strategy: Theory and Practice’, American Archivist 54 (Winter 1991), 44–52 and T. Abraham, ‘Documentation Strategies: A Decade (or More) Later’ (Paper presented to the Society of American Archivists Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C, 31 Aug. 1995, available at <http://www.uidaho.edu/special-collections/papers/>, 2001; T.L. Ericson, ‘“To Approximate June Pasture” the Documentation Strategy in the Real World’, Archival Issues, 22, 1 (1997), 5–20;L. Rapport, ‘No Grandfather Clause: Reappraising Accessioned Records’, American Archivist 44 (Spring 1981), 143–50;K. Benedict, ‘Invitation to a Bonfire: Reappraisal and Deaccessioning of Records as Collection Management Tools in an Archives—A Reply to Leonard Rapport’, American Archivist 47 (Winter 1984), 43–9;L. Duranti, ‘The Concept of Appraisal and Archival Theory’, American Archivist 57 (Spring 1994), 328–44;F. Boles and M.A. Greene, ‘Et Tu Schellenberg? Thoughts on the Dagger of American Appraisal Theory’, American Archivist 59 (Summer 1996), 298–310;R.J. Cox, ‘The Documentation Strategy and Archival Appraisal Principles: A Different Perspective’, Archivaria 38 (Fall 1994), 11–36;Maher, The Management of College and University Archives, 37
- Bridges , E. , Hunter , G. and Miller , P. P. 1993 . ‘Historians and Archivists: A Rationale for Cooperatio . The Journal of American History , 80 : 179 – 86 . (L. Osbat, ‘A Historian's Reflection the Future of Archives’, Archivum, 45 (2000), 199–217
- Jenkinson . A Manual of Archive Administration 21
- Ibid., 21–2
- Hunter , G. S. 1997 . Developing and Maintaining Practical Archives: A How to Do it Manual New York (47;A Records Management Handbook (Washington, 1997), available <http://www.nara.gov/records/>, 2001;Maher, The Management of College and Univers Archives, 36; M.J. Brichford, Archives and Manuscripts: Appraisal and Accessioning (Chicago 1977), 1. In fact, Brichford characterizes appraisal as ‘the greatest professional challenge to archivist’, 1
- 1968 . Planning for the Archival Profession: A Report of the S Task Force on Goals and Priorities 8 Chicago Society of American Archivists
- Monteiro , E. A. 2001 . ‘Estado e politicas arquivísticas’ . ESARBICA Journal , 20 : 116 – 21 .
- Neuman , W. L. 1997 . Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, , 3rd ed. 272 Boston
- Evans , G. E. , Amodeo , A. J. and Carter , T. L. 1999 . Introduction to Library Public Services 6th ed. (Englewood, CO, 393; J. Feather and P. Sturges, International Encyclopaedia of Information and Library Science (London, 1997), 199; R. Heeks, ‘The Approach of Senior Public Officials to Information Technology-Related Reform: Lessons from India,’ Public Administration and Development, 20 (2000), 197
- Hunter . Developing and Maintaining Practical Archives 2;C. Smith, ‘Glossary’, in A. Pederson, ed., Keeping Archives (Sydney, 1987), 357; P. Walne, ed., Dictionary of Archival Terminology: International Council on Archives (ICA) Handbook Series, vol. 3 (London, 1984), 25. Despite their differences in emphasis, these authors seem to agree that archives are non-current records of an organization that are retained for their continuing value in providing evidence of the actions taken. They also acknowledge that archives can also refer to institution or building responsible for preserving and housing archives respectively
- Hunter . Developing and Maintaining Practical Archives 3;T.R. Schellenberg, 7 Management of Archives (New York, 1965), x
- Duchein , M. 1983 . Obstacles to the Access, Use and Transfer of Information from Archives: A RA Study 1 Paris
- Walne . Dictionary of Archival Terminology 2;M. Scott, ‘Functional Appraisal of Records Methodology’, Records Management Journal 7 (Aug. 1997), 103
- Boles , F. and Young , J. M. 1985 . ‘Exploring the Black Box: The Appraisal of University Administive Records’ . American Archivist , 48 : 121 – 3 . (Spring
- Pickover , M. 1994 . ‘Ideology versus Professionalism: The Destruction of Archives and the Role of the Archivist’ . South African Historical Journal , 31 : 354
- 1999 . Managing Public Sector Records: Building Records Appraisal Systems 10 London International Records Management Trust
- Quoted in Hunter, Developing and Maintaining Practical Archives, 48
- Ibid., 51
- Samuels , H. W. 1986 . ‘Who Controls the Past?’ . American Archivist , 49 : 109 – 24 .
- Jenkinson . A Manual of Archive Administration 146
- A detailed discussion of appraisal approaches is beyond the scope of this paper, and the re can refer to sources cited in footnote number 14
- Schellenberg , T. R. 1975 . Modern Archives: Principles and Techniques 139 Chicago
- Young , Boles and . ‘Exploring the Black Box’, 121–40
- 1982 . 1 – 3 . ‘Intrinsic Value’, Staff Information Paper 21: National Archives and Records Serv (Washington
- Boles , F. 1981 . ‘Sampling in Archives’ . American Archivist , 44 : 125 – 30 . (Spring, D.R. Ke ‘Sampling in Archives: A Review’, American Archivist 47 (Summer 1984), 291
- Booms . ‘Society and the Formation of a Documentary Heritage’, 67–107;H.W. Samuels, Va Letters: Documenting Modern Colleges and Universities (Metuchen, N.J., 1992), International Records Management Trust, Managing Public Sector Records, 43
- Jenkinson . A Manual of Archive Administration 147
- Nov. 1990 . Nov. , 191 – 201 . For instance, see C. Hurley and S. McKemmish, ‘First Write Your Disposal Schedule’, Arc and Manuscripts, 18, 2
- Roberts , J. 1999 . ‘Appraisal review final report, 24 June’, available at: <http://www.aives.govt.nz>, 2001
- Ibid
- Macro-appraisal emanated from the National Archives of Canada and has been adopted i Netherlands, Switzerland and South Africa. The most notable champions of macro-appraisal Booms, ‘Society and the Formation of a Documentary Heritage'samuels, Varsity Letters;Cook, The Archival Appraisal of Records Containing Personal Information. Perhaps the known implementation of such an approach is the PIVOT project of the Dutch National Archives: see R. Hol, ‘PIVOT's Appraisal of Modern Records: A “Floody” Tale from the Experience’, SA Archives Journal, 38 (1996), 5–15;P. Horsman, ‘Appraisal on Wooden Sh The Netherlands PIVOT Project’, Janus, 2 (1997), 35–8
- Scott . ‘Functional Appraisal of Records’, 105
- Jenkinson . A Manual of Archive Administration 140;International Records Management Trust, Managing Public Sector Records, 42
- International Records Management Trust, Managing Public Sector Records, 28
- Jenkinson . A Manual of Archive Administration 144–5
- Eastwood , T. ‘Toward a Social Theory of Appraisal’, 71–89
- International Records Management Trust, Managing Public Sector Records, 14
- Ibid
- 1970 . Archivum , 20 See International Council on Archives (ICA), ‘Archival Legislation’, (ICA ‘Archival Legislation’, Archivum, 41 (1996)
- Mazikana , P. 1999 . Directory of Specialists in the Fields of Archives and Records Management in East and Southern Africa Harare
- 1978 . Botswana National Archives and Records Services Act Chapter 59 of
- 1970 . Archivum , 20 : 65 – 6 . ‘Public Archives Act of Kenya, 1965’
- 1970 . Archivum , 20 : 69 – 73 . ‘Archives Act of Lesotho, 1967’
- 1975 . National Archives Act of Malawi No. 12 of
- 1996 . Archivum , 41 : 32 – 7 . ‘Archives Act of Namibia No. 12 of 1992’
- 1971 . Archives Bill of Swaziland
- 1996 . National Archives of South Africa Act No 43 of
- 1970 . Archivum , 20 : 125 – 35 . ‘National Archives Act of Tanzania, 1965’
- 1970 . Archivum , 20 : 145 – 54 . ‘National Archives Act of Zambia, 1969’
- 1986 . National Archives of Zimbabwe Act Chapter 25:06 of
- National Archives of South Africa Act No 43 of 1996. For the same perspective, see Scott, ‘Functional Appraisal of Records’, 103
- Madanha , E. 1996 . ‘Appraisal Practice and the Experience of the National Archives of Zimbabwe’ . ESARBICA Journal , 16 : 11 – 16 . (S.R. Mwango, ‘Appraisal of Records: Tanzania's Experience’, ESARBICA Journal, 16 (1996), 21–6;K.P. Magogwe, ‘Records Retention and Appraisal at the Botswana National Archives and Records Services’, ESARBICA Journal, 1 (1996), 17–20
- Harris , V. 1995 . Exploratory Thoughts on Current State Archives Service Appraisal Policy and th Conceptual Foundations of Macro-appraisal . Archives News , 37 ( 8 ) (V. Harris; ‘Appraising Public Records in the 1990's: A South African Perspective’, ESARBICA Journal 16 (1996), 5–10;M. Olivier, ‘The National Archive of South Africa: Crossing the Millennium’ ESARBICA Journal, 18 (1999), 9; E. Kriger, ‘Redressing Apartheid-Engendered Social Ills—A Core Function? Transformation and the Public Archivist in a Post-Apartheid South Africa’ Archivum, 45 (2000), 142; V. Harris, Exploring Archives: An Introduction to Archival Ideas and Practice in South Africa (Pretoria, 2000), 41
- 1989 . For the macro-appraisal paradigm, see, for example, D. Bearman, Archival Methods: Archives and Museum Informatics Technical Report V3 (1) (Spring, 14;Cook, ‘Mind Over Matter’, 38–70
- Roberts . ‘Appraisal review final report’
- Harris . Exploring Archives 43
- Hull , F. 1981 . The Use of Sampling Techniques in the Retention of Records: A RAMP Study with Guidelines 10 – 9 . Paris
- Dearstyne , B. W. 1993 . The Archival Enterprise: Modern Archival Principles, Practices, Management Techniques 101 Chicago and London
- Jenkinson . A Manual of Archive Administration 140
- Ibid.;M. Cook, The Management of Information From Archives (Gower, 1986), 70
- Booms , H. ‘Society and the Formation of a Documentary Heritage’, 67–107
- Conradie , B. 1996 . ‘Submission One on the National Archives of South Africa Bill’ . SA Archives Journal , 38 : 110
- Kirkwood , C. 1996 . ‘Submission Two on the National Archives of South Africa Bill’ . SA Archives Journal , 38 : 111 – 12 .
- Cook . The Archival Appraisal of Records Containing Personal Information
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- King , A. 1998 . ‘Of Mice and Manuscripts: A Memoir of the National Archives of Zimbabwe’ . History in Africa , 25 (408;P. Ngulube, ‘Staff Retention at the National Archives of Zimbabwe’, African Journal of Library, Archives and Information Science, 10, 2 (2000), 139–51
- King . ‘Of Mice and Manuscripts’, 408
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