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ARTICLES

British Influence on Military Training and Education in South Africa: The Case of the South African Military Academy and its Predecessors

Pages 63-82 | Published online: 14 Jan 2009

References

  • Steyn , M. T. and Kruger , D. W. 1969 . The Making of a Nation: A History of the Union of South Africa. 1910–1961 71 Johannesburg and London President
  • le Roux , J. H. and Coetzer , P. W. Die Nasionale Party Deel 2: Die Eersle Bewindsjare 2009: 1 Quoted in (Bloemfontein, 1980), 436
  • Kruger . The Making of a Nation 3, 23
  • Ibid., 3
  • Ibid., 21
  • Ibid., 52–5
  • Davenport , T. R.H. 1991 . South Africa: A Modern History 4th ed. (Hampshire and London, 232; R.S. Boulter, ‘Afrikaner Nationalism in Action: F.C. Erasmus and South Africa's Defence Forces 1948–1959', Nations and Nationalism, 6,3 (2000), 438; A. Seegers, The Military' in the Making of Modern South Africa (London and New York, 1996), 21
  • Jooste , L. 1948 . ‘Die Politieke Koerswending van Besorg ‘n Nuwe Identiteit aan die Unieverdedigingsmag’, Militaria, 26, 2 (1996), 113
  • Frankel , P. H. 1984 . Pretoria's Praetorians: Civil-Military Relations in South Africa 13 – 16 . Cambridge
  • Ibid., 13–18;Jooste, ‘Die Politieke Koerswending van 1948’, 114
  • Dale , R. 1910–1961 . ‘The South African Armed Forces and their Link with the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth of Nations.’, Militaria, 9, 1 (1979), 3
  • Tylden , G. 1954 . The Armed Forces of South Africa 22 Johannesburg
  • Ibid.
  • Aston , G. G. 1913 . Staff Duties and Other Subjects London (v
  • Frankel . Pretoria's Praetorians 14
  • Collyer , J. J. 1913 . Annual Reports. Department of Defence and Executive Commands for Year ending 30th June. 1913 Cape Town ‘Report of the Staff Officer for General Staff Duties, 22 Dec. in Union of South Africa, (1913, 14;Frankel, Pretoria's Praetorians. 14
  • 1912–1955 . South African National Defence Force Archives (hereafter SANDFA), Pamphlets 99, pamphlet 3108, unpublished manuscript, CM. Bakkes, ‘Die Geskiedenis van die Suid-Afrikaanse Militěre Kollege,’, 4–5
  • Dale . ‘The South African Armed Forces’, 3;Bakkes, ‘Die Geskiedenis van die Suid-Afrikaanse Militěre Kollege’, 4–5
  • Seegers . The Military in the Making of Modern South Africa 21
  • Aston . Staff Duties and other Subjects v
  • Bakkes, ‘Die Geskiedenis van die Suid-Afrikaanse Militère Kollege’, 4–5;Collyer, ‘Report of the Staff Officer for General Staff Duties’, 14
  • Bakkes . ‘Die Geskiedenis van die Suid-Afrikaanse Militère Kollege’, 5–7;Anon., ‘The South African Military College’, The Nongqai, XXXIII, 9 (Sep. 1942), 954; H.R.M. Bourne, ‘Report of the Under Secretary for Defence’, in Union of South Africa, Annual Reports. Department of Defence and Executive Commands for Year ending 30th June, 1913 (Cape Town, 1913), 7
  • McDermott , J. S. Jan. 1947 . Jan. , 5 ‘The South African Military College’, The Nongqai, XXXVIII, 1
  • Union of South Africa . Abridged Annual Report of the Department of Defence for the Year ended 30th June, 1921, 12;Anon., ‘The South African Military College, 954;Bakkes, ‘Die Geskiedenis van die Suid-Afrikaanse Militěre Kollege’, 9
  • Anon., The South African Military College, 954;Bakkes, ‘Die Geskiedenis van die Suid-Afrikaanse Militěre Kollege’, 9;Union of South Africa, Abridged Annual Report of the Department of Defence for the Year ended 30th June, 1921, 12
  • Bakkes . ‘Die Geskiedenis van die Suid-Afrikaanse Militěre Kollege’, 8–10;F.J. du T. Spies. ‘Bladsye uit die Militěre Geskiedenis van Pretoria’, in Stadsraad van Pretoria, Pretoria 1855–1955: Geskiedenis van die Stad Pretoria (Pretoria, 1955), 108, 107
  • Dale . ‘The South African Armed Forces’, 3–4
  • Coster , K. R. 1979 . The Training of Rhodesian Officers at the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst . Militaria , 9 , 3(53, 56
  • Haines , R. J. 1978 . The Training of Candidate Officers in South Africa . Militaria , 8 ( 3 ) : 3
  • Coster . ‘The Training of Rhodesian Officers’, 56
  • Ibid.
  • Union of South Africa . Abridged Annual Report of the Department of Defence for the Year ended 30th June, 1921, 4, 16
  • Haines . ‘The Training of Candidate Officers’, 3
  • 1948 . SANDFA, Minister of Defence: Erasmus—Fouché (hereafter MV/EF) 105, MV55/6, Deputy Chief of the General Staff to Chief of the General Staff (hereafter CGS), 31 July
  • SANDFA, MV/EF 105, MV55/6, ‘Opsomming van die bewegings van lede van ons Verdedigingsmag i.v.m. kursusse in die buiteland, toevoegings en uitruilings’, n.d
  • Haines . ‘The Training of Candidate Officers’, 1
  • Bakkes . “Die Geskiedenis van die Suid-Afrikaanse Militěre Kollege”, 13–14, Haines, ‘The Training of Candidate Officers’, 2–4
  • McDermott , J. S. ‘The South African Military College’, 5; B. Worby en G.R. Duxbury, ‘Tanner, William Ernest Collins’, in C.J. Beyers (hoofred.), Suid-Afrikaanse Biografiese Woordeboek, IV(Durban en Pretoria, 1981), 673; I. Uys, South African Military Who's Who 1452–1992 (Germiston, 1992), 41, 233–4
  • Jan. 1926 . Jan. , Anon., ‘The South African Military Schools’, The Nongqai, XVII, 1 (56;Haines, ‘The Training of Candidate Officers’, 2
  • Bakkes . ‘Die Geskiedenis van die Suid-Afrikaanse Militěre Kollege’, 11
  • Coster . ‘The Training of Rhodesian Officers’, 56–7
  • Kruger . The Making of a Nation 81–96, 109–110;L. Jooste, ‘F.C. Erasmus as Minister van Verdediging, 1948–1959’ (MA thesis, University of Pretoria, 1995). 5, 6, 14;Tylden, The Armed Forces of South Africa, 23;Davenport, South Africa: A Modern History, 245–7
  • van der Waag , I. 1919–1940 . ‘The Union Defence Force Between the Two World Wars,’, Scientia Militaria, 30, 2 (2000), 212
  • Quoted in ibid, 212
  • Jooste . ‘F.C. Erasmus’, 48;Bakkes, ‘Die Geskiedenis van die Suid-Afrikaanse Militěre Kollege’, 17
  • Kruger , D. W. 1948–1961 . ‘Die Triomf van Nasionalisme en die Totstandkoming van die Republiek,’, in A.J.H. van der Walt, J.A. Wiid en A.L. Geyer, Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika, 2de uitg. (Kaapstad, g.d), 573–4
  • van der Poel , J and du Plessis , S. I. M. 1968 . “Smuts, Jan Christiaan”, in W.J de Kock (hoofred.). ” . In Suid-Afrikaanse Biografiese Woordeboek. I 787 Kaapstad
  • Scholtz , J J. J. , Beyers , C. J. and Basson , J. L. 1987 . Suid-Afrikaanse Biografiese Woordeboek, V 633 Pretoria (medered)
  • Jooste . ‘F.C. Erasmus’, 5, 14;Tylden, The Armed Forces of South Africa, 23
  • Jooste . ‘F.C. Erasmus’, 5–6
  • Coster . ‘The Training of Rhodesian Officers’, 56
  • Bakkes . ‘Die Geskiedenis van die Suid-Afrikaanse Militfire Kollege’, 17;Seegers, The Military in the Making of Modern South Africa, 95;Boulter, ‘Afrikaner Nationalism in Action’, 453–454;M. Alexander, ‘The Militarisation of South African White Society, 1948–1990’. Scientia Militaria, 30, 2 (2000), 272
  • Jooste . ‘F.C. Erasmus’, 14
  • Haines . ‘The Training of Candidate Officers’, 6
  • Ibid, 5
  • Forman , S. 1940 . West Point: A History of the United States Military Academy 208 New York. West Point's mission read as follows: ‘The mission of the Military Academy is to instruct and train the Corps of Cadets to the end that each graduate shall have the qualities and attributes essential to his progressive and continued development throughout a lifetime career as an officer of the Regular Army.’ U.S. War Department Circular No. 109, 3 Oct., quoted in (1950
  • SA Military College . 1947 . The South African Military College 23 Pretoria
  • 1938 . Compare SANDFA, CGS (Group [hereafter Gp.] 2) 657, CGS1024, ‘Extract from WO. Monthly Intelligence Summary dated Sep.: Notes on the ‘Ecole Speciale Militaire de Saint Cyr’ and SA Military College, The South African Military College, 23
  • Liebenberg , B. J. 1931–1961 . ‘Van die Statuut van Westminster tot die Republiek van Suid-Afrika.’, in C.F.J. Muller (red.), Vyfhonderd Jaar Suid-Afrikaanse Geskiedenis, 2de uitg. (Pretoria en Kaapstad, 1968), 375, 378, 383–4;Jooste, ‘F.C. Erasmus’, 7, 20, Poulter, Afrikaner Nationalism in Action', 438
  • President MX Steyn as quoted in Kruger, The Making of a Nation, 71
  • Frankel . Pretoria's Praetorians 19;L. Jooste, ‘F.C. Erasmus’, 28
  • Seegers . The Military in the Making of Modern South Africa 94
  • Boulter . ‘Afrikaner Nationalism in Action’, 457
  • Jooste . ‘F.C. Erasmus’, 16–20;Seegers, The Military in the Making of Modern South Africa, 95–7;Boulter, ‘Afrikaner Nationalism in Action’, 443–5
  • Quoted in Seegers, The Military in the Making of Modern South Africa, 97
  • Ibid., 95;Boulter, ‘A frikaner Nationalism in Action’, 454, 455;Frankel, Pretoria's Praetorians, 19
  • Alexander . ‘The Militarisation of South African White Society’, 272
  • Boulter . ‘Afrikaner Nationalism in Action’, 446
  • Seegers . The Military in the Making of Modern South Africa 95;Boulter, ‘Afrikaner Nationalism in Action’, 446, 450–3;PH. Pretoria's Praetorians, 19;Alexander. ‘The Militarisation of South African White Society’, 272–3
  • Jooste . ‘F.C. Erasmus’, 7
  • 1948 . SANDFA, Commandant General (hereaner CG,) C43 D81, KG/GPT/1/2/1 vol. 1, CGS to Brig. J.B. Kriegler, 13 Oct.;SANDFA, MV/EF 105, MV55/6, Private Secretary Minister of Defence (hereafter MoD) to Brig. J.B. Kriegler, 22 Oct. 1948;SANDFA, CG, C43 D81, KG/GPT/1/2/1 vol. 1, Summary of recommendations of Kriegler Committee, 27 Jan. 1949, 7
  • 1948 . SANDFA, Secretary for Defence (hereafter DC) 3460, DC2539, Seer, for Defence to Asst. Seer. (Finance), 28 Dec.
  • Jooste . ‘F.C. Erasmus’, 112–7;SANDFA, CGS (WAR) 281, 56/36, Acting CGS—MoD, 7 Sep. 1949;see also Alexander, ‘The Militarisation of South African White Society, 273–9
  • 1906 . SANDFA, Adjutant-General 3 (hereafter AG(3)) 222, AG(3)/9 vol. 1, manuscript of article on Military Academy, n.d. [1951];Jooste, ‘F.C. Erasmus’, 115;Alexander, ‘The Militarisation of South African White Society’, 281;Mil. Acad. Archives, list of Mil. Acad, graduates, 1950–2001
  • Quoted in Haines, ‘The Training of Candidate Officers’, 9
  • 1949 . SANDFA, Personnel Records, G.F. Jacobs, Cmdt. SA Mil. Col.—Director Policy Co-ordination (hereafter Dir. Policy Co-ord.), 14 Oct.
  • SANDFA, Personnel Records, S.A. Engelbrecht, service record;University of Pretoria (hereafter UP) Archives, Minutes of the Board of the UP 1950, minutes of a meeting of representatives of the UP and the UDF, 26 May 1950
  • Bakkes , C. M. and Visser , G. E. 1993 . interview, Pretoria, 29 July;Boulter, ‘Afrikaner Nationalism in Aaction’, 445;Alexander, ‘The Militarisation of South African White Society’. 280–1
  • 1951 . SANDFA, Personnel Records, G.F. Jacobs, Secretary/Treasurer Council for Scientific and Industrial Research—Commissioner of Pensions, 6 Nov.
  • Seegers . The Military in the Making of Modern South Africa 96
  • 1951 . SANDFA, MV/EF 135, MV130 vol. 1, B.J. van der Walt—F.C. Erasmus, 8 Feb. (my translation from the original Afrikaans)
  • Alexander . ‘The Militarisation of South African White Society’, 280
  • 1949 . SANDFA, CG, C43 D81, KG/GPT/1/2/1 vol. 1, Summary of recommendations of Kriegler Committee, 27 Jan., 7;SANDFA, CGS (WAR) 281, 56/36, Dir. Policy Co-ord.—Rector UP, 10 Oct. 1949;SANDFA, MV/EF 135, MV130, C.F. Miles-Cadman—F.C. Erasmus, 22 Nov. 1949
  • 1949 . SANDFA, CG C43, D81, KG/GPT/1/3/1/1 vol. 1, CGS-MoD, 7 Nov.;SANDFA, SA Mil. Col. (Gp. 1) 164, MC/T/12/1, Cmdt. SA Mil. Col. to CGS, 27 Feb. 1950;SANDFA, SA Mil. Col. (Gp. 1) 164, MC/T/12/1, Cmdt. SA Mil. Col.—Dir. Policy Co-ord., 16 Mar. 1950
  • 1950 . SANDFA, CGS (WAR) 281, 56/36, MoD to CGS, 7 Feb.
  • Jooste . ‘F.C. Erasmus’, 20
  • 1949 . SANDFA, SA Mil. Col. (Gp. 1), 165, MK./T/12/8, Cmdt. SA Mil. Col.—Dir. Policy Co-ord., May
  • van Niekerk , M. and Visser , G. E. 1992 . interview, 16 Sep.;SANDFA, CG, C43 D81, CGS/GPT/1/3/1/1 vol. 2, CGS—AG, 6 Aug. 1953;SANDFA, MV/EF 135, MV130 vol. 1, Private Secretary MoD—CGS and Seer, for Defence, 31 Aug. 1953
  • 1956 . SANDFA, Union Defence Force Order 82/56, 25 May
  • 1955 . SANDFA, CG, C39 D67, KG/GM/5/3(Minutes of General Staff meeting, 30 Mar. 1955, 11;SANDFA, AG(3) 223, AG(3)1906/9 vol. 3, Acting AG—Registrar US, 30 May 1955;SANDFA, AG(3) 223, AG(3) 1906/9 vol. 4, Minutes of discussions between representatives of the DoD and the University of Stellenbosch (hereafter US), 17 June 1955
  • 1906 . SANDFA, AG(3) 226, AG(3)/9/1 vol. 8, OC Mil. Acad.—Army Chief of Staff, etc., 12 Nov. 1957; P.J.G. de Vos, ‘Die Militěre Akademie, 1956–1967’, in E.M. Muller, et al. (eds). Military Academy 1950–1975: Silver Jubilee (Saldanha, 1975), 17,21
  • 1960 . Mil. Acad. Archives, Agreement between the DoD and the US. 31 Jan.;see also US Archives, Minutes of the Board of the US, 29 Oct. 1960, 158, 166, 174–5
  • Malan , MA. de M. and Visser , G. E. 1994 . interview, Pretoria, 24 Nov.;P.D. Steyn—G.E. Visser, interview, Pretoria, 25 Nov. 1994
  • Thom , H. B. 1969 . Professor H.B. Thom 77 – 9 . Stellenbosch See, ‘Stellenbosch as Ware Volksuniversiteit’, in D.J. Kotzé, et al (reds)
  • Frankel . Pretoria's Praetorians 139;Alexander, ‘The Militarisation of South African White Society’, 284
  • Boulter . ‘Afrikaner Nationalism in Action’, 456
  • 1950 . See Mil. Acad. Archives, list of Mil. Acad, graduates,–2001
  • 1993 . Mil. Akad. (Current Archives), MA/C/523/1/57 vol. 1, H.R. van Rooyen–G.E. Visser, 22 Dec.;Mil. Acad. Archives, SADF Seniority lists;Officers, 1989–1991
  • 1989–1991 . Mil. Acad. Archives, SADF Seniority Lists: Officers

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