References
- Malherbe , E. G. 1981 . Wever a Dull Moment 217 Cape Town
- Bozzoli , B. 1981 . The Political Nature of a Ruling Class: Capital and Ideology in South Africa 1890–1933 London
- Organic intellectuals are defined as ‘the ‘ideological and political craftsm[e]n whose skills lay in [their] ability to assess the balance of economic and political forces with which capital had to cope, to discover the nature of its consciousness as a class, to translate its objective problems into symbolic and political terms’: Bozzoli, The Political Nature of a Ruling Class, 10
- Dubow , S. 1902–1910 . History Workshop Journal , 43 See especially, ‘Colonial Nationalism, The Milner Kindergarten and the Rise of “South Africanism”,’, (1997;S. Marks and S. Trapido, ‘“A White Man's Country”? The Construction of the South African State and the Making of South African “Nationalisms”, 1902–1914' (Seminar Paper, Institute of Commonwealth Studies, London University, 18 Oct. 1996);and D. Schreuder, ‘“Colonial Nationalism” and “Tribal Nationalism”: Making the White South African State, 1899–1910’, in J. Eddy and D. Schreuder, eds. The Rise of Colonial Nationalism (Sydney, 1988). John Lambert has recently argued that colonial nationalism, or what he terms ‘Dominion South Africanism’, continued to exert a powerful influence in the 1920s: see J. Lambert, ‘South African British? Or Dominion South Africans? The Evolution of an Identity in the 1910s and 1920s’, South African Historical Journal, 43 (2000), 197–222
- Eddy , J. and Schreuder , D. ‘Introduction: Colonies into “New Nations”’, in Eddy and Schreuder, Rise of Colonial Nationalism, 7
- Quoted in Dubow, ‘Colonial Nationalism’, 57
- Schreuder . ‘Colonial Nationalism and Tribal Nationalism’, 192–226
- Trapido , Marks and . ‘A White Man's Country?’, 2
- Dubow . ‘Colonial Nationalism’, 78
- Ibid., 76
- Malherbe , E. G. Apr. 1941 . I.c Digest Vol. 245 , Apr. , National Archives (NA), Pretoria, Jan Smuts Collection (A1), vol. doc. 106. to Gen. Smuts, 23/7/41, enclosing a memorandum on ‘The Army Education Scheme for the U.D.F’. See also ‘The Army Education Scheme’
- Malherbe , E. G. 1943 . The Bilingual School: A Study of Bilingualism in South Africa Johannesburg Estimates of the percentage of Afrikaner volunteers vary: Malherbe himself believed the figure could have been 60 per cent, while Marquard reported it to have been as high as 70 per cent. See (101, and L. Marquard, The Peoples and Policies of South Africa (London, 1952), 24
- Grundlingh , A. 1939–1945 . Journal of African History. , 40 : 365 ‘The King's Afrikaners? Enlistment and Ethnic Identity in the Union of South Africa's Defence Force during the Second World War,’ (1999
- Dubow , S. 2001 . ‘Scientism, Social Research and the Limits of “South Africanism”: The Case of Ernst Gideon Malherbe’ (Paper, ‘The Burden of Race: ‘“Whiteness” and “Blackness” in Modern South Africa’ Conference, History Workshop, University of the Witwatersrand, 5–8 July
- 1943 . Army Education Handbook Pretoria (11, 113–14
- Mackenzie , S. P. 1992 . Politics and Military Morale: Current-Affairs and Citizenship Education in the British Army, 1914–1950 Oxford This is true of South Africa's participation in the Second World War more generally: see Grundlingh, ‘The King's Afrikaners?’. For education in the British army during the Second World War, see especially chapters 5–7 of (For a history of the Australian AES, see D. Dymock, A Sweet Use of Adversity: Tthe Australian Army Education Service in World War Two and its Impact (1995). For an early, unpublished, account of the development of the South African AES, see L. Marquard, ‘History of Army Education Services’ (not for publication, 1945), University of Cape Town Library, Manuscripts and Archives (UCT), Leo Marquard Papers (BC 587), D3.38. The other unpublished history of AES was written by a former Information Officer, H.J. Rousseau, ‘Theirs To Reason Why: The S.A. Adventure in Adult Education’ (unpublished, c. 1972–1978), Killie Campbell Africana Library (KCAL), Durban, E.G. Malherbe Papers (EGM), File 441/4/7, KCM 57008 (97–101)
- Robertson , J. 1971 . Liberalism in South Africa, 1948–1963 26 Oxford
- Rich , P. 1984 . White Power and the Liberal Conscience: Racial Segregation and South African Liberalism, 1921–1960 89 Johannesburg
- Lazerson , J. 1994 . Against the tide: Whites in the Struggle against Apartheid 54 – 5 . Bellville (See also N. Roos, ‘A History of the Springbok Legion, 1941–1953’ (MA dissertation, University of Natal, 1989), 71–4
- Vigne , R. 1997 . Liberals against Apartheid: A History of the Liberal Party of South Africa, 1953–1968 4 – 5 . London
- Furlong , P. 1991 . Between Crown and Swastika: The Impact of the Radical Right on the Afrikaner Nationalist Movement in the Fascist Era Middletown, CT On this subject see especially
- Marquard . History of Army Education Services 1
- 2076 . NA, UOD, E280, ‘Memorandum of an unofficial committee meeting’
- 2076 . NA, UOD, E280, Hofmeyr to Hoemle, 21 Sep. 1940. For Botha's handwritten memorandum see ‘Education & the Army’, 26 Sep. 1940 in the same file. Botha's memorandum was inconclusive and, he acknowledged, hurriedly written
- 1940 . UCT, BC 587, D3.2, ‘Educating the Troops in the Political, Social and Economic Reasons for our Being at War (a suggested scheme), 31 Oct.
- UCT, BC 587, D3.2
- UCT, BC 587. D3.2
- UCT, BC 587, D3.2
- In the memorandum this paragraph is marked ‘E.G's addition’ in Leo Marquard's handwriting
- 1938 . The Bilingual School: A Study of Bilingualism in South Africa Johannesburg In Malherbe conducted a survey amongst some 18,000 school pupils in order to determine the effects of bilingual instruction. Published in 1943 as (1943, this study strongly supported dual medium education—that is, the use of both English and Afrikaans as media of instruction in secondary schools attended by both English- and Afrikaans-speaking pupils in the same, not ‘parallel’, classes
- 1924 . I am currently researching the role of South Africanism in NUSAS. In Marquard hoped to unite students from English-medium and Afrikaans-medium universities in a spirit of “national co-operation” so that they could come together in order to study problems of national importance—including those to do with education, native affairs, and economic conditions
- Marquard . 1919 . History of Army Education Services. 2. Hoernle's scheme took shape as a trial course of four connected lectures on the general theme of the origins of, and reasons for, the war. The lectures covered 1) ‘How the War began’, a survey of international affairs between and 1939;2) ‘The Rise of the Dictators’ on how dictators gain and use their power;3) ‘Democracy on Trial’, on the methods and ideals of democracy contrasted with those of dictatorship;and 4) ‘The Challenge to Christendom’, an account of the conflict of world-views besetting the modern world. Lecturers, drawn mostly from the Universities of the Witwatersrand and Pretoria, lectured on these topics to military units in the camps in the Sonderwater-Premier Mine area, the Air Force camps at Waterkloof and Lyttleton, and to cadets and officers at the Military College. South African National Defence Force (SANDF), Pretoria, Documentation Centre (DOC), Pretoria, Education (Ed), Box 19, File B6, PR 13/2/2
- Rousseau . 1945 . Theirs to Reason Why 15. See also SANDF, DOC, Ed, Box 7, File A6, D.S.D. (Ed) 1146/6, nos. 47–51, for letters of thanks from Marquard to Smeath Thomas, Skaife, Eybers, Oxley, and J.Y.T Greig, 18 Sep.;Greig took over command of the Transvaal ACF counterpart on Hoernle's death in 1943
- Marquard . History of Army Education Services 3
- 1941 . KCAL, EGM, File 330, KCM 56950 (1196) Malherbe to his wife. 21 Nov.;Marquard. History of Army Education Services, 4
- 1941 . KCAL. EGM, File 441/2, KCM 56974 (742b). Lecture Programme for Educational Officers' Course 784 G. 18 Mar.–18 Apr. 1941
- Col. Klopper lectured on “adjustments and relationships of the European officer in his unit”;Col. Kriegler spoke about ‘army relationships’ and Col. Newman addressed the question of army intelligence relations. KCAL, EGM, KCM 56974 (742b)
- 1930 . Malherbe had been a leading member of the Carnegie Commission on the Poor White Question, which conducted its research in South Africa between and 1932
- 1892–1971 . Forum Theo Haarhoff (along with Malherbe and Hofmeyr, belongs very much to the group of Afrikaner South Africanists in whose lives and work in the 1930s and 1940s I am interested. He had been a co-founder of the liberally-inclined South Africanist magazine, established in 1938, and was a champion of dual medium education. He wrote the introduction to Malherbe's The Bilingual School., Much of his life was geared to familiarising English-speaking South Africans with Afrikaans language and culture. See for example T.J. Haarhoff and CM. van den Heever, The Achievement of Afrikaans (Johannesburg, 1934). A Smutsian ‘Holist’ steeped in the classics, Haarhoff felt that the Greco-Roman model of cultural co-operation had much to offer English-speakers and Afrikaners. See Vergil in the Experience of South Africa (Oxford, 1931), and, especially. The Stranger at the Gate: Aspects of Exclusiveness and Co-operation in Ancient Greece and Rome. With Some Reference to Modern Times (London. 1938)
- 1941 . Die Volkstem ‘Doel en Organisasie Van Onderrig Aan Unie-Magte’, 3 Mar. See also ‘Onderwysfasiliteite in die Leer’, Ic. Digest (Apr. 1941)
- Marquard . History of Army Education Services 6
- 1941 . KCAL, EGM, File 441/1/2, KCM 56974 (734), Examination for Educational Officers' Course 784G, 16 Apr.
- See, for example, the list of publications in the course bibliography. KCAL, EGM, KCM 56974 (736)
- Marquard . History of Army Education Services Annexure A: Impressions of Early Difficulties and Experiences
- Ibid.
- 1941 . Ibid., See also KCAL, EGM, File 330, KCM 56950 (1192), Malherbe to his wife, 3 July, in which he writes that IOs ‘are doing very well under most difficult circs, of living in dugouts in the desert. They have been very well received by the respective O. Cs.’
- Marquard, History of Army Education Services, Annexure A: Impressions of Early Difficulties and Experiences
- 1942 . KCAL, EGM, File 441/2, KCM 56974 (742j), Lecture Programme for Education Officers' Course 1037G, 2 Mar,–7 Apr. 1942
- KCAL, EGM, KCM 56974 (742j)
- Rousseau . Theirs to Reason Why 18
- 1942 . KCAL, EGM, File 441/7/2, KCM 56974 (818), ‘Political Characteristics of Afrikaans-speaking citizens of S.A—Lecture to the Army Ed Officers' Course,’
- Marquard . History of Army Education Services 7
- 1942 . KCAL, EGM, File 441/5, KCM 56974 (783), Information Officers' Bulletin No. 2, 6 July
- Ibid.
- Ibid., emphasis in the original
- Marquard . History of Army Education Services 9
- Rousseau . Theirs to Reason Why 53
- Marquard . History of Army Education Services 15
- Rousseau, Theirs to Reason Why, 54
- Ibid., 27
- Dymock . 1941 . A Sweet Use of Adversity 20–37. See also the letter from Ken Cunningham of the Australian AES to Malherbe in which he notes that while both educational services were broadly concerned with education for citizenship, the South African AES had a special role to play in promoting co-operation between the two white ‘racial elements’. KCAL, EGM, File 441/112., KCM 56974 (726), 28 Dec.
- 1942 . UCT, BC 587, D3.4. Memo on Education, July
- At the school level Marquard suggested the appointment of a Director of History Teaching under the aegis of the various provincial education departments who would meet to discuss policy with the Minister of Education. As a long-serving history teacher Marquard was conscious of the positive role to be played by history teachers in citizenship education, and to this end he suggested that: the Director should arrange an annual conference of history teachers who wished to improve conditions;issue an unbiased, government subsidised, monthly magazine for history teachers containing articles on history teaching and current affairs;and ‘stimulate in other ways a proper understanding of the functions of history teaching in a democratic state and of the group relationships in South Africa’. Like Malherbe. Marquard felt that the most conducive environment to true South African citizenship was the bilingual school, UCT, BC 587, D3.4
- 1942 . UCT, BC 587, B1.396, Marquard to his wife, 4 Aug. For Malherbe's revised version of the memorandum see UCT, BC587, D3.5, 4 Aug. 1942. Maiherbe changed the title of Marquard's memorandum to ‘Draft Memo. On Education for Better South African Citizenship’, and turned Marquard's Directors of History Teaching into Directors of Citizenship Teaching. In both cases, Marquard and Maiherbe agreed, the exact name given to these Directors was immaterial
- 1942 . UCT, BC 587, B1.398, Marquard to his wife, 9 Aug.
- 1943 . UCT, BC 587, B1.467, Marquard to his wife, 18 May
- 1942 . KCAL, EGM, File 441/5, KCM 56974 (782), Information Officers' Bulletin No.1. 22 June
- 1942 . KCAL, EGM, KCM 56974 (782), Information Officers' Bulletin No. 1, 22 June
- 1942 . KCAL, EGM, KCM 56974 (787), Information Officers' Bulletin No. 6, 5 Oct.
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
- Marquard . History of the Army Education Services Appendix G: Significant Dates in the History of the A.E.S., p. 2
- Malherbe, Never a Dull Moment, 222
- Marquard, History of the Army Education Services, 15
- 1942 . I.c Digest 8 – 11 . ‘Nasionale Samewerking’, (Sep.-Oct., See also the typescript article in Malherbe's papers ‘Die Drang na ‘n Eie Suid-Afrikaanse Identiteit’, KCAL, EGM, File 446/5, KCM 56975 (463), no date, which notes the emergence, through shared experiences in the North, of a broad South African national identity
- Haarhoff , T. J. Apr. 1942 . “ ‘Die Dubbelmedium-Skool: 'n Nasionale Noodsaaklikheid’ ” . In I.c Digest Apr. , (22;E.G. Malherbe, ‘The Medium Question and the Bilingual School: Approach to a Vital South African Problem, I.c Digest (Sep.-Oct. 1943), 16–23;‘Tweetaligheid in Suid-Afrika’, I.C Digest (Nov.-Dec. 1943), 11–16;‘Die Verhouding van Skool-Organisasie tot Taal in Suid-Afrika’, I.c Digest (Jan.-Feb. 1944), 46–48;‘Huistaal en Voertaal’, I.c Digest (Mar.-Apr. 1944), 36–38;‘Die Uitwerking van Verkeerde Medium op die Vordering van Leerlinge’, I.c Digest (May-June 1944), 40–42;‘Vergelyking tussen Vordering in Taalprestasie op Eentalige en Tweetalige Skole’, I.c Digest (July-Aug. 1944), 31–33;‘Maatskapiike Houdings in Enkel- en Tweetalige-Mediumskole’, I.c Digest (Sep.-Nov. 1944), 5–9
- 1942 . UCT, BC 587, B1.387, Letter from Marquard to his wife, 9 June
- KCAL, EGM, KCM 56974 (782)
- Burger , J. 1943 . The Black Man's Burden 251 London
- Ibid., 252
- Ibid., 244
- At one point Marquard wrote half-jokingly to his wife that he would like to write a book called J.H. Hofmeyr—A Study in Liberalism: ‘I'm sure it will sell like hot cakes. Hoffie's friends will buy it and won't be able to get their money back when they find out what's in it;and all his enemies will buy it as soon as they hear what's in it. Liberalism indeed' UCT, BC587, B1.505, Marquard to his wife, 24 Oct. 1943
- Rich . White Power and the Liberal Conscience 91
- 1942 . UCT, BC587, B1.356, Marquard to his wife, 6 Mar.
- UCT, BC587, B1.356
- 1942 . See, for example, the following letters from Marquard to his wife in UCT, BC587: B1.349, 24 Feb.;B1.353, 28 Feb. 1942;B1.356,6 Mar. 1942. The Bulletin instructed IOs to keep a neutral attitude towards the Springbok Legion and not to involve themselves with it, whether by canvassing for members or by acting as distribution agents for its publications. KCAL, EGM, K.CM 56974 (782), Bulletin 1, 22 June 1942. AES forbade IOs to become members of the Legion, but turned a blind eye so long as their membership did not involve undue publicity. Marquard, History of the Army Education Services, 24
- Marquard . History of the Army Education Services 13;UCT, BC587, B1.473, Marquard to his wife, 13 June 1943. See Malherbe's typescript memorandum to the Director of the Bureau of Information, A.N. Wilson, entitled ‘Recognition of the Afrikaans Element in Propaganda’. KCAL. EGM, File 438/1, KCM 56974 (544), no date but c. 1941. Malherbe's suggestions for short films with Afrikaans commentary included scenes of Afrikaans artists Anton von Wouw and Hendrik Pierneef at work;inserts on the poet C. Louis Leipoldt and other Afrikaans literary figures;the making and erection of Louis Botha's statue;shots of Dutch homesteads and architecture, and a typical Boere-nagmaal. He pointed out that ‘these are only a few illustrations which could be multiplied. We have such a lot of good stuff which is the heritage of all South Africans: English and Afrikaans alike, that it is a shame not to use it as a means to for forging a common link of a cultural nature between the two sections’. Malherbe's wife later reported to E.G that his memorandum had been leaked to Die Transvaler, which delivered a scathing commentary on it. KCAL, EGM, File 330, KCM 56950 (1193), Janie Malherbe to her husband. 6 July 1941
- 1942 . An extensive collection of Highlights from the Opposition Press is kept in KCAL, EGM, Files 149/I–149H. The publication's main target audience were visiting British military personnel. For alleged opposition on the part of Information Officers towards the news-sheet see UCT, BC587, B1.406, Marquard to his wife, 27 Aug. It was perceived by some as being unnecessarily antagonistic to the Afrikaans press
- 1943 . UCT, BC587, B1.445, Marquard to his wife, 7 Feb.
- 1941 . UCT, BC587, B1.320, Marquard to his wife, 23 Sep. At the time of fusion in 1934 the more extreme jingoistic English-speaking element of the South African Party, with which J.S Marwick was associated, broke off to form the Dominion Party. At the other extreme, conservative Afrikaner nationalists splintered off into the ‘Purified’ (Gesuhverde) National Party under D.F. Malan—South African's first apartheid Prime Minister
- Marquard , L. 1944 . Let's Go Into Politics Johannesburg
- Ibid., pp. 77–8
- Army Education Handbook, 10
- Rousseau . Theirs to Reason Why 47–8
- Marquard . History of the Army Education Services Appendix G: Significant Dates in the History of the A.E.S., p. 2
- Ibid., Appendix B: WAAS, p. 1
- Ibid., Appendix B: WAAS, p. 1
- Ibid., Appendix B: WAAS, pp. 1–2
- 1943 . For a breakdown and analysis of the soldiers' vote see F.D. Tothill, ‘The General Election’ (MA thesis, University of South Africa, 1987), 274–332
- 1943 . UCT, BC587, B1.476, Marquard to his wife, 23 June
- 1943 . UCT, BC587, B1.476, Marquard to his wife, 23 June
- 1943 . UCT, BC587, B1.519, Marquard to his wife, 7 Dec.
- 1942 . KCAL, EGM, KCM 56974 (782), Information Officers' Bulletin No. 1, 22 June
- 1943 . SANDF, DOC, Ed, Box 1, File A5, 1146/1/6 no. 214 a, Hoernle to the Secretary of Native Affairs, 17 Feb.
- Marquard . 1943 . History of Army Education Services Annexure D: Information Officers Course 1419G, 21 Oct.–24 Nov. 1943
- 1943 . SANDF, DOC, Ed, Box 1, File A5, 1146/1/1, no. 307, Marquard to G. Ballenden, 26 Nov.
- Rousseau . Theirs to Reason Why 66
- 1940 . Army Education Handbook, 119. For Van Eck's reports see UG 33/;UG 49/1940;UG 40/1941
- Army Education Handbook, 121
- Beyers , C. J. , ed. 1942 . Dictionary of South African Biography, Volume IV 697 Pretoria During the war Van Eck also acted a member of the National Provisions Council under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister, and served on the executive committee of the Director General for Provisions between and 1945., ed., (1987, The reports in question are: Re-employment, Reconstruction, and the Council's Status (Pretoria, 1942);Aspects of Public Service Organisation and Employment (Pretoria, 1944);Regional and Town Planning (Pretoria, 1944);Social and Economic Statistics in the Union (Pretoria, 1944);The Future of Farming in South Africa: Including Comments on the Report of the Reconstruction Committee of the Department of Agriculture and Forestry on the ‘Reconstruction of Agriculture (Pretoria, 1945);Taxation and Fiscal Policy (Pretoria, 1945);Local Government Functions and Finances (Pretoria, 1945)
- 1945 . SANDF, DOC, Ed, Box 7, File A6, D.S.D. (Ed) 1146/6, no. 52, Marquard to the Secretary of the Social and Economic Planning Council, 18 Sep.
- Army Education Handbook, 139
- Ibid., 140–6
- Ibid., 150
- 1944 . What Do You Think? Pretoria The original questionnaire was published as (The test was carried out by about 150 Information Officers and Welfare Information Officers, and personnel from 200 different units were tested. Choice of surveyed participants was random: see What the Soldier Thinks (Pretoria, 1945), 1. See KCAL, EGM, File 441/8, KCM 56974 (826–843) for miscellaneous correspondence regarding the survey
- What the Soldier Thinks, 4
- Ibid., 23
- Ibid., 26
- Ibid., 28–9
- Ibid., 21
- Graphs from Malherbe's book indicating comparative attainment in languages and content subjects by pupils at bilingual and unilingual schools were reproduced in the survey in order to show the desirability of bilingual schools: What the Soldier Thinks, 32–5
- What the Soldier Thinks, 35
- Marquard . History of the Army Education Services Appendix G: Significant Dates in the History of the A.E.S., p. 3
- 1944 . The booklets in the ‘AES Basic Series’ (were: 1) Basic Politics; 2) S.A. Politics; 3) Basic Economics; 4) South Africa s Resources; 5) International Affairs; 6) Psychological Re-Orientation; 7) Unit Educational Handbook; 8) Statistical Handbook; 9) Population Problems; and 10) Quizbook.
- Rousseau . 1944 . Theirs to Reason Why 70. See also SANDF, DOC, Ed, Box 18, File A18, ‘Notes on Citizenship Courses’
- Rousseau . Theirs to Reason Why 71
- Quoted in Ibid., 71
- Marquard . History of the Army Education Services 20–21
- Rousseau . Theirs to Reason Why 77
- 1942 . SANDF, DOC, Ed, Box 7, File A6, 1146/6, Hoernle to Malherbe, 2 Sep.
- 1944 . KCAL, EGM, File 438/1, KCM 56974 (557), Malherbe to Secretary of Education A.A. Roberts, 16 Oct.
- Malherbe . 1981 . Never A Dull Moment 289 – 304 . Cape Town
- 1944 . UCT, BC587, B1.602, Marquard to his wife, 15 Oct.
- 1945 . UCT, BC587, B1.675, Marquard to his wife, 6 Aug.;G.H. Calpin, There Are No South Africans (London, 1941)
- 1946 . UCT, BC587, D3.41 & D3.42, Circular A & Circular B, Sep.
- UCT, BC587, D3.42
- 1944 . UCT, BC587, B1.599, Marquard to his wife, 8 Oct.
- 1944 . UCT, BC587, B1.604, Marquard to his wife, 19 Oct.
- 1945 . Adult Education in South Africa: Being a Report by a Committee of Enquiry Appointed by the Minister of Education 145 – 160 . Pretoria See ‘Recommendations Classified’, pp., in UG 35/(1945. The commission recommended that adult educational projects should be coordinated by the Union Education Department. To this end a National Council of Adult Education should be established consisting of forty members, and assisted by sixteen committees consisting of 106 members. Malherbe felt that this system was administratively cumbersome, and difficult to get off the ground. When in 1948 a Division of Adult Education was created for the Union Education Department, together with a National Advisory Council for Adult Education, the Nationalists ignored the lessons of AES. E.G. Malherbe, Education in South Africa: Volume II, 1923–1975 (Cape Town, 1977), 413
- Rousseau . Theirs to Reason Why 115
- 1942 . UCT, BC587, B1.358, Marquard to his wife, 10 Mar.
- Schoeman , K. 1940 . ‘The Institute of Citizenship and the Idealism of the s’, Quarterly Bulletin of the South African Library, 53,1/2, (1998), 52–5;South African Library (SAL), Cape Town, Institute of Citizenship Collection (MSC10), Box 3, Leo Marquard file, Circular letter from Marquard entitled ‘Citizenship Training’, I Aug. 1946
- Schoeman . ‘The Institute of Citizenship’, 52
- 1946 . SAL, MSC10, Box 16, First Report for the period Feb.–Nov. 1947, p. 3
- Ibid, p. 6.
- 1946 . SAL, MSC 10, Box 3, E.G. Malherbe file, Malherbe to Sargeant, 28 Aug.
- 1946 . SAL, MSC 10, Box 17, Prospectus, The first Annual General Meeting of the Witwatersrand Institute of Citizenship was held on 18 August 1949: NA, UOD, 606, X8/8/87, Institute of Citizenship NAROBS Subsidies. There was no evidence of any similar activity in Natal at the same time;or none, at least, that Sargeant had heard about. He wrote to Malherbe asking him if he had ‘heard of any developments in ‘Maritzburg or Durban?’: SAL, MSC 10, Box 3, E.G. Malherbe file, Sargeant to Malherbe, 16 May 1949
- Schoeman . ‘The Institute of Citizenship’, 54
- 1970 . ‘Why Liberalism Failed’, Rand Daily Mail, 20 Apr.
- 1942 . KCAL, EGM, K.CM 56974 (787), Information Officers' Bulletin No. 7., ‘The Press in South Africa’, Nov.
- 1944 . Editorial, ‘Opheldering Gevra’, Die Transvaler, 29 July
- 1945 . Editorial, ‘Compulsory Political Lectures’, The Natal Mercury., 25 Jan.
- Rousseau . Theirs to Reason Why 19
- Ibid., 89
- Ibid.
- Butler , J. and Schreuder , D. 1945 . Democratic Liberalism in South Africa: Its History and Prospect Edited by: Butler , J. , Elphick , R. and Welsh , D. 151 Johannesburg ‘Liberal Historiography Since’, in, eds, (1987)