- Bryden , H. A. 1894 . ‘The Extermination of Great Game in Southern Africa’ . Fortnightly Review , 61 Oct.
- MacKenzie , J. M. 1990 . Empire of Nature: Hunting, Conservation and British Imperialism Manchester (R. Fitter, ed., The Penitent Butchers: The Fauna Preservation Society 1903–1978 (London, 1978)
- Cumming , R. G. 1850 . Five Years of A Hunters Life in the Far Interior of South Africa 38 London
- Ritvo , H. 1987 . “ 6 ” . In The Animal Estate: English and Other Creatures in the Victorian Age London (chapter
- 1864 . Yosemite became the first state park in and Yellowstone the first national park under federal control in 1872
- For example, Mackenzie, Empire of Nature, chapters 3 and 8; W. Beinart, ‘Review Article: Empire Hunting and Ecological Change in Southern and Central Africa’, Past and Present 128 (Aug. 1990)
- Carruthers , J. 1900–1910 . South African Historical Journal , 20 ‘Game Protection in the Transvaal’, (1988;J. Carruthers, ‘Creating a National Park 1910–26’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 15, 2 (Jan. 1989);J. Carruthers, ‘Dissecting the Myth: Paul Kruger and the Kruger National Park’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 20, 2 (June 1994);J. Carruthers, The Kruger National Park: A Social and Political History (Pietermaritzburg, 1995)
- Beinart , W. 1998 . ‘The Night of the Jackal: Sheep, Pastures and Predators in the Cape’ . Past and Present , 158 Feb. (L. van Sittert, ‘Keeping the Enemy at Bay: The Extermination of Wild Carnivora in the Cape Colony 1889–1910’, Environmental History, 3, 3 (July 1998)
- Sullivan , D. and Sullivan , R. 1977 . The South African Environment Cape Town (In the eighteenth century travellers such as Anders Sparrman described the Cape's rich and unique biota. By the nineteenth century the impact of white settlement had already become evident. The blauwbok of the Swellendam district was extinct by 1800, the Cape lion had disappeared by the 1850s and the quagga (related to the zebra) in the 1860s
- Dunlap , T. R. 1988 . “ 1 ” . In Saving America's Wildlife Princeton (chapter
- Worster , D. 1977 . Nature's Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas Cambridge See, for example, (and R. Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind(Yale, 1967). John Muir's campaigning did much to promote the American National Park ideal and the creation of Yosemite
- Pinchot , G. 1910 . The Fight for Conservation London (G. Pinchot, Breaking New Ground (New York, 1947)
- Dunlap , T. 1999 . “ 4 ” . In Nature and the English Diaspora: Environment and History in the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand Cambridge (Chapter refers to the creation of Banff National Park in 1885 and the Tongariro park in 1908. Both were inspired by American precedents
- Selous , F. C. 1908 . African Nature Notes and Reminiscences London (is an example of this genre
- Fitzsimons , F. W. 1919 . The Natural History of South Africa London (preface to Volume I. Fitzsimons was the director of the Port Elizabeth museum
- 1904 . Agricultural Journal of the Cape of Good Hope , 25 Oct. : 472 – 3 . Correspondence
- Cronwright-Schreiner , S. C. 1925 . The Migratory Springbucks [sic] of South Africa 26 – 7 . London (This was originally published in The Zoologist, Mar. 1899
- Beinart . ‘Review Article’, 167
- 1901 . Agricultural Journal of the Cape of Good Hope , 19 : 668 ‘Protection of Game’, (7 Nov.
- Brown , K. 1902–1910 . ‘The Conservation and Utilization of the Natural World: Silviculture in the Cape Colony circa’, Environment and History, 7, 4 (Nov. 2001)
- Cape Archives (hereafter CA) . 1906 . Forestry Department, Eastern Conservancy (hereafter FCE), 3/1/50: memorandum of J. Sim dated 3 June
- 1907 . Agricultural Journal of the Cape of Good Hope , 30 Apr. : 542
- 1889 . Agricultural Journal of the Cape of Good Hope , 30 : 663 (May 1907, A Dog Tax had been introduced in but it was up to Divisional Councils to decide whether it would be imposed in their localities. The demand here was for compulsory rather than permissive legislation
- 1908 . Agricultural Journal of the Cape of Good Hope , 33 Aug. : 231 – 2 .
- Kanthack , F. 1908 . Agricultural Journal of the Cape of Good Hope , 33 Aug. : 194 – 204 . See, for example, ‘The Destruction of Mountain Vegetation: Its Effects upon the Agricultural Conditions in the Valleys’
- Cape Parliamentary Papers, (hereafter CPP), G62–1907:‘Sluits, their Evil and Prevention’, 5 and 13
- Fitzsimons . Natural History preface vol. I
- Ibid., vol III, 9–14 and 47
- Playne , S. 1911 . Cape Colony: Its History, Commerce, Industries and Resources 257 – 9 . London
- Ibid., 330
- 1904 . Ibid., 608–9. Horsesickness, along with glanders, were the main equine diseases in the Cape. At that time the cause was unknown, although mosquitoes were suspected. There was no vaccine and the Chief Veterinary Surgeon, Duncan Hutcheon, recommended that farmers stable their horses at night away from low-lying areas. CA, Department of Agriculture (hereafter AGR), 345, F668: Memorandum from D. Hutcheon to C. Currey, 30 Apr.
- 1888 . CPP, G29–1889: Report of the Conservators of Forests, 38–9. Hutchins was Conservator of the Knysna Forests from until 1892, when he was transferred to the Western Cape
- Hutchins , D. E. 1905 . ‘The Indian Buffalo’ . Agricultural Journal of the Cape of Good Hope , 26 Mar. : 327 – 8 .
- 1903 . The District Rural Reports in the Agricultural Journal of the Cape of Good Hope, vols 22 and 23 (detailed the shortage in domestic animals
- 1899 . South African News, 14 Sep. Clipping from forestry file FCE 3/1/49. In 1902 the Association extended its titular brief to include ‘trout’ protection
- 1904 . ‘Annual Meeting of the Game and Trout Protection Association’, Cape Times Weekly, 7 Dec.
- Taylor , S. 1989 . The Mighty Nimrod: A Life of F.C. Selous, African Hunter and Adventurer, 1851–1917 73 London (The interview took place in 1875
- Sclater , L. W. 1901 . The Fauna of South Africa London For example (Fitzsimons, Natural History.
- 1905 . CA, AGR 307, F234: W. Wardlaw Thompson (for the Under-Secretary of Agriculture) to T.S. Palmer of the American Board of Agriculture, 20 Feb. Wardlaw Thompson listed eight additional associations: Griqualand West Game Protection Association;Sportsmen's Associations in Uitenhage and East London;local Game Protection Associations in George, Port Elizabeth, Vryburg, Mafeking and Pokwani
- van , N. J. and Davis , D. , eds. 1964 . “ ‘The History of Game Protection in South Africa’, from ” . In Ecological Studies in Southern Africa The Hague
- Beinart . ‘The Night of the Jackal’ Van Sittert, ‘Keeping the Enemy at Bay’
- 1822 . For examples of Dutch placaats and the laws introduced by the British Governor Lord Somerset in, see Mackenzie, Empire of Nature, 203
- Williams , G. N. 1906 . ‘The Preservation of Game in Cape Colony’ . Agricultural Journal of the Cape of Good Hope , 29 Dec. : 767 – 73 .
- CPP, G23–1908: Report of the Acting Under-secretary for Agriculture, 11
- Mackenzie . Empire of Nature Chapter 8. The Convention recommended: closed seasons;a ban on hunting for tusks weighing less than five kilograms;export duties on hides and skins;a ban on hunting with nets, pits and poison and the establishment of game reserves. In practice, few countries applied the recommendations and where they were introduced, enforcement was selective
- CPP, G47–1906: Report of the Director of Agriculture, 20
- CPP, G30–1907: Report of the Director of Agriculture, 32
- 1909 . Act 11 To Consolidate and Amend the Game Laws 1886 to 1908. In theory Africans were prohibited from owning guns under the 1878 Peace Preservation Act. However, in practice, according to Patrick Harran, the District Forest Officer at Keiskamma Hoek, the law had effectively been rescinded with the lifting of martial law restrictions and Africans could now access firearms more easily and used them for hunting in the forests. CA, FCE 3/2/21: P. Harran to J. Henkel, 8 Jan. 1906
- 1950 . For example, CPP, G26–1905. Joseph Lister claimed that 129 people were arrested for contravening the forest laws, in particular infringing the game laws which required a licence to hunt in demarcated forests. A Game Department, empowered to enforce the hunting laws, was not set up until the s
- Williams . ‘The Preservation of Game’
- 1904 . CA, AGR 304, F234: Game Census of
- 1905 . CA, Minutes of the Divisional Council of Victoria West, 4/VCW, 1/1/1/6, minutes of 11 Aug. Bijwoners were predominantly Afrikaner tenant farmers who survived on the economic margins of pastoral society
- Beinart , W. and Coates , P. 1984 . Environment and History: The Taming of Nature in the USA and South Africa 27 London This has been argued by Stanley Trapido in an unpublished paper produced in and referred to by (1995, Similar arguments pertaining to African avoidance of proletarianisation through subsistence hunting have been presented by Carruthers, The Kruger Park, 91
- 1905 . CA, FCE 3/2/21: B. Simmons to J. Henkel, 19 Dec.
- 1903 . CA, FCE 3/2/21: J.S. Lister to C. Currey, 17 July
- Details of late Victorian ‘hunting codes’ can be found in MacKenzie, Empire of Nature, chapter 11
- 1909 . CA, Minutes of the Divisional Council of Albany, 4/AY 1/1/1/4, for 12 Jan. (Section 14 of Act 11 of 1908 had provided the option to ban game sales, which was reiterated in the consolidating law of 1909)
- 1903 . CA, Minutes of the Divisional Council for Britstown, 4/BTT 1/1/1/2. A five year protection order was requested on 14 Oct. and subsequently renewed until 12 May 1910
- 1904 . CA, Minutes of the Divisional Council of Oudtshoorn, 4/OHN 1/1/1/6. A three year protection order, involving all three districts, was minuted on 11 Nov.
- 1908 . Ibid., minutes for 14 Feb.
- 1898 . Broadly speaking, since the Progressive Party had been supported predominantly by anglophone settlers residing in urban areas and on farms in the Eastern Cape. The South African Party, meanwhile, consisted of the Afrikaner Bond and English speakers who objected to British interference in South Africa and the events leading up to the formal annexation of the Afrikaner Republics in 1902
- CPP, A12–1906: Preface to the report of the Select Committee on Crown Forests, ii
- Ibid., evidence of Niland, 47 and Adendorff, 72
- Bannister , A. , Gordon , R. and Siegfried , W. 1992 . The National Parks of South Africa 110 Cape Town
- CPP, G 41–1887: Report of the Conservators, 34
- Lister . 1906 . CA, Forestry Department, Western Conservancy, FCW 2/1/4/12: D.E. Hutchins to J.S., 17 Feb.
- Sim , T. R. 1907 . The Forests and Forest Flora of the Cape Colony 90 Aberdeen
- CPP, A12–1906: Final report
- CPP, G39–1907: Report of the Chief Conservator of Forests, 7
- 1902 . CA, Forestry Department, Midlands Conservancy, FCM 2/1/1/7: C. McNaughton to C. Currey, 31 Dec.
- 1904 . Agricultural Journal of the Cape of Good Hope , 24 Apr. : 498
- 1909 . Editorial, ‘Our Vanishing Fauna’, Cape Times Weekly, 15 Sep. The Namaqualand reserve had been set up in 1903 and that of the Kalahari in 1908
- Curson , H. and Hugo , J. 1924 . ‘Preservation of Game in South Africa’ . South African Journal of Science , 21
- CPP, G31–1909: Report of the Director of Agriculture, 19–20
- 1909 . ‘Big Game Deputation’, Cape Times Weekly, 15 Sep.
- Playne, ‘Trout Fishing in South Africa,’ from Cape Colony, 147
- CPP, G69–1902: Report of the Government Biologist, 10–11
- CPP, G56–1901: Report of the Government Biologist, 9
- Hutchins , D. E. 1906 . Agricultural Journal of the Cape of Good Hope , 29 Aug. : 197 ‘More About Carp’
- CPP, G69–1902, 6
- CPP, G51–1906: Report of the Government Biologist, 8
- Playne . ‘Trout Fishing’
- Hay , S. E. 2000 . The Rapture of the River: An Autobiography of South African Fishermen 13 taken from M. Draper, ‘Going Native? Trout and Settling Identity in a ‘Rainbow’ Nation’ (Paper presented at ‘A View of the Land’ Conference, Bulawayo, July, Generally Xhosa and Zulu people had a prohibition against eating fish, although this taboo was not universal especially in coastal areas where some communities collected shell fish
- CPP, G51–1906, 8
- 1906 . Agricultural Journal of the Cape of Good Hope , 28 Feb. : 290
- For example, Carruthers, The Kruger National Park.
- Curson and Hugo, ‘Preservation of Game in South Africa’
South African Historical Journal
Volume 47, 2002 - Issue 1