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ARTICLES

How the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Challenges the Ways We Use History

Pages 162-190 | Published online: 14 Jan 2009

  • Cherry , J. , Daniel , J. , Fullard , M. , Posel , D. and Simpson , G. 2002 . Commissioning the Past: Understanding South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission Johannesburg eds, (35;D. Posel, ‘The TRC Report: What Kind of History? What Kind of Truth?’ in Posel and Simpson, Commissioning the Past, 147;interview with Max du Preez, Melville, 22 Aug. 2002; G. Simpson, ‘Rebuilding Fractured Societies’ (Occasional Paper, Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, 2000)
  • Pigou , P. ‘False Promises and Wasted Opportunities: Inside South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission,’ in Posel and Simpson, Commissioning the Past, 37–65
  • 2002 . Interview with Mary Burton, Rondebosch, 17 Aug.
  • 1998 . Hugh Lewin manuscript, untitled, M1SA dinner, Grahamstown, 12 Sep.: copy provided by Lewin
  • du Preez , M. and Orr , W. 2000 . From Biko to Basson: Wendy Orr ‘s Search for the Soul of South Africa as a Commissioner of the TRC Johannesburg (unnumbered [i];A. Durbach, Upington: A Story of Trials and Reconciliation (Cape Town, 1999), 14
  • Zehr , H. 1990 . Changing Lenses: A New Focus for Crime and Justice Scottdale, Pa (chs 2–3, which give an insightful recreation of open-endedness that victims and perpetrators experienced after a crime. The four truths are discussed in Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report [hereafter TRC Report], vol. I (Cape Town, 1998), 110–14
  • For examples of scholarly critics, see D. Posel, ‘The TRC Report’, in Posel and Simpson, Commissioning the Past, 147–71;P. Bonner andN. Nieftagodien, ‘The Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Pursuit of “Social Truth”: The Case of Kathorus’, in Posel and Simpson, Commissioning the Past, 173–203;C. Bundy, ‘The Beast of the Past: History and the TRC,’ in W. James and L. van de Vijver, eds, After the TRC: Reflections on Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa (Claremont, 2000), 9–20;R.A. Wilson, The Politics of Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa: Legitimizing the Post-Apartheid State (Cambridge, 2001)
  • Thiessen , G. 1999 . ‘Common Past, Divided Truth: The Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South African Public Opinion’ (Paper, University of the Witwatersrand conference on the TRC, J.L. Gibson, ‘Truth, Justice, and Reconciliation: Judging the Fairness of Amnesty in South Africa’, American Journal of Political Science 46 (July 2002), 540–56;interview with Graeme Simpson, New York, 3 Jan. 2003;televison viewer, quoted in P. Meiring, Chronicle of the Truth Commission (Vanderbijlpark, 1999), 56
  • Boraine , A. 2000 . A County Unmasked 9 Oxford
  • Sartre . Nausea (translated by Lloyd Alexander;Norfolk, Ct, 1949), 38–9;H. White, Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism (Baltimore, 1978), 126
  • Bundy . ‘The Beast of the Past’, 20; E.D. Ermarth, Sequel to History: Postmodernism and the Crisis of Representational Time (Princeton, 1992), 34–5
  • Thelen , D. 1998 . Journal of American Studies , 32 Dec. : 373 – 97 . For how professional history evolved in opposition to individual and amateur experience, see, ‘Making History and Making the United States’
  • Maier , C. S. , Rotberg , R. I. and Thompson , D. 2000 . Truth v. Justice: The Morality of Truth Commissions Princeton eds, (269;results of survey are reported in R. Rosenzweig and D. Thelen, The Presence of the Past: Popular Uses of History in American Life (New York, 1998)
  • TRC Report, 1, 48
  • Collingwood , R. G. and Collingwood , R. G. 1956 . The Idea of History 282 – 302 . New York (W.H. Dray, History as Re-Enactment: R.G. Collingwood's Idea of History (Oxford, 1995)
  • 2002 . Interview with Paul Haupt, Cape Town, 16 Aug.
  • Sachs , A. 1990 . The Soft Vengeance of a Freedom Fighter 2nd ed. (Cape Town, xvi
  • Reddy , W. M. 1992 . ‘The Logic of Action: Indeterminacy, Emotion, and Historical Narrative’ . History and Theory , 31 (The two best English-language approaches to Dilthey are W. Dilthey, ‘Understanding of Other Persons and Their Expressions of Life’ (c. 1910), in R.A. Makkreel, introduction to W. Dilthey, Descriptive Psychology and Historical Understanding (The Hague, 1977), 123–44, and H.P. Rickman, ed., W. Dilthey, Meaning in History: W. Dilthey s Thoughts on History and Society (London, 1961)
  • 2002 . Interview with Yasmin Sooka, Johannesburg, 20 Aug.;interview with Hlengiwe Mkhize, Sandton, 24 Aug. 2002;interview with Fazel Randera, Johannesburg, 20 Aug. 2002;interview with Mary Burton, Rondebosch, 17 Aug. 2002; A. Boraine, Human Rights Violation Hearing Transcript, Bisho Massacre, Day 1, 1 Sep. 1996, Y. Henry, Human Rights Violation Transcript, Case CT00405
  • Amnesty Hearing Transcript, Jeffrey Benzien, Case 5314/96, parts 1, 2, and 3
  • Kock , De . Amnesty Hearing Transcript, Case 0066/96;quote from E. de Kock, A Long Night's Damage: Working for the Apartheid State (Saxonwold, 1998), 13
  • De Kock Amnesty Hearing Transcript Case 0066/96;Makope Human Rights Violation Transcript Case GO/0183 JHB;Amnesty Hearing, Phokeng, 20–21 May 1996
  • I am indebted to Ronald Slye for information about this case
  • Matshoba , M. ‘Nothing But the Truth: The Ordeal of Duma Khumalo,’ in Posel and Simpson, Commissioning the Past, 131–44;D. Khumalo and Y. Farber, He Left Quietly (play presented at State Theatre, Pretoria, August 2002);interview with Duma Khumalo, Johannesburg, 7 Aug. 2002
  • Human Rights Violation Transcript, CT 00405
  • I am indebted to Ron Slye for this information
  • Maggie Friedman raised many of these questions with particular force in the Human Rights Violation Hearing into the death of David Webster: Human Rights Violation Transcript Case Johannesburg GO/0218
  • Simpson , G. 1999 . 21 ‘A Brief Evaluation of South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission: Some Lessons for Societies in Transition’ (Paper, Commissioning the Past Conference, University of the Witwatersrand
  • Dube , P. S. ‘The Story of Thandi Shezi’, in Posel and Simpson, Commissioning the Past, 129
  • Human Rights Violation Hearing, Gregory Beck, Johannesburg GO/0135;D. Tutu, No Future Without Forgiveness (New York, 2000), 82–3, 144, 150–1;A. Sachs, ‘His Name Was Henry’, in James and Van de Vijver, After the TRC, 96. For a wide-ranging exploration of the Socratic tradition, see D. Villa, Socratic Citizenship (Princeton, 2001)
  • Interview with Haupt
  • Kayser , U. 2000 . ‘Creating a Space for Encounter and Remembrance: The Healing of Memories Process’, Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation website [January ];Hamber, ‘Remembering to Forget: Issues to Consider when Establishing Structures of Dealing with the Past’, Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation website;D. Thelen, ‘The Postmodern Challenge of Introducing Past to Present: Teaching about Memories and Monuments’, Perspectives in Education 14 (Winter 1993), esp. 129–31
  • Amnesty Hearing Transcript, Jeffrey Benzien, 5314/96, parts 1, 2, and 3
  • ‘Nvameka's Story.’ video produced by Institute for Justice and Reconciliation
  • 1996 . Du Plessis Amnesty Hearing Transcript, Pretoria, July 18, Human Rights Violation Transcript, Johan Smit, Johannesburg GO/0193
  • Human Rights Violation Transcript, Gregory Beck, Johannesburg GO/0135, and Ms. Jokazi, Johannesburg, GO/0164;interviews with Burton and Du Preez
  • Entered in Register of Reconciliation at Truth and Reconciliation Commission website
  • Wertsch , J. 1998 . Mind As Action New York
  • Chidester , D. , Cochrane , J. , de Gruchy , J. and Martin , S. 1999 . Facing the Truth: South African Faith Communities and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission 132 Cape Town eds
  • Elias , N. 1991 . The Society of Individuals Oxford
  • 2003 . Interviews with G. Simpson, New York, 3 Jan. and P. van Zyl, New York, 21 Jan. 2003);N. Ndebele, ‘The Rediscovery of the Ordinary. Some New Writings in South Africa’, in N.S. Ndebele, ed., Rediscovery of the Ordinary: Essays on South African Literature and Culture (Johannesburg, 1991), 37–57;Burton in Human Rights Violation Transcript, Fuzile Juqu, Cape Town, CT 00712
  • Interviews with Mkhize and Sooka;Meiring, Chronicle of the Truth Commission, reflects one Afrikaner commissioner's perception of his role as an ambassador to and from one ethno-religious constituency
  • Botha at Human Rights Violation Hearing, Bisho Massacre, Day 1;interview with Burton;Durbach, Upington.
  • Interview with psychiatrist Sarah Maria Kotze, Benzien amnesty transcript, part 3;interview with John Daniel, Johannesburg, 13 Aug. 2002;Human Rights Violation Transcript, Elizabeth Floyd, Johannesburg, GO-N (no number, but February 5, 1996, with a similar point made by Felicia Azande Dlodlo, Johannesburg GO/0114);Sachs, Soft Vengeance, 207
  • Asmal , K. , Boraine , A. and Levy , J. 1994 . R. Scheffer, eds, Dealingwith the Past: Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa Cape Town (vii
  • Human Rights Violations Transcript, Priscilla Gama, Johannesburg GO/0185, Day 4;Hester Grobelaar, Johannesburg GO/0121;Sarah Mthembu, Johannesburg, GO/0161;interviews with Y. Sooka, Johannesburg, 20 Aug. 2002 and G. Simpson, New York, 3 Jan. 2003
  • TRC Report, V, 366
  • Ibid, 367
  • Ibid., 396–8
  • Sachs . Soft Vengeance 206
  • Hendricks , F. 1999 . ‘Amnesty and Justice in Post-Apartheid South Africa’ (Paper, Commissioning the Past Conference, University of the Witwatersrand, 2; M. Bloch, quoted in C. Fink, Marc Bloch: A Life in History (Cambridge, 1989), 102
  • 1997 . The debate over how to frame human rights violations committed by the African National Congress can be followed in Tutu, No Future without Forgiveness, 106–7, and Boraine, Country Unmasked, ch. 9. Mbeki spoke at African National Congress, Political Party Recall Hearing, May
  • Human Rights Violations Transcript, Yazir Henry, CT 00405; Y. Henry, ‘A Space Where Healing Begins’ (Paper, Commissioning the Past Conference, University of the Witwatersrand, 1999);Y. Henry, ‘Where Healing Begins’, in C. Villa-Vicencio and W. Verwoerd, eds, Looking Back, Reaching Forward: Reflections on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa (Cape Town, 2000), 166–73

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