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REVIEW ARTICLES

Namibia's Freedom Struggle: The Nujoma Version

Pages 203-212 | Published online: 14 Jan 2009

  • 1981 . To Be Born a Nation London SWAPO of Namibia, (P. Katjavivi, A History of Resistance in Namibia (Paris and London, 1988)
  • 1995 . General's Story Johannesburg Among the books mentioned in the text are Jannie Geldenhuys's (Jan Breytenbach's They Live By the Sword (Alberton, 1990), and Willem Steenkamp's South Africa's Border War (Ashanti, 1989), along with Kurt Waldheim's The Eye of the Storm (Bethesda, MD, 1986), Cyrus Vance's Hard Choices (New York, 1983) and Brian Urquhart's A Life in Peace and War (London, 1987)
  • 1978 . SWAPO: An Historical Profile Lusaka The full statement, from (is quoted in J. Afreds, History and Nation-Building. The Political Uses of History in Post-Colonial Namibia (Uppsala, 2000), 71. It also appears in Namibia in History (London, 1988), 292. It is a variant of a statement by Chairman Mao
  • Leys , C. and Saul , J. 1994 . Namibia's Liberation Struggle: The Two-Edged Sword London
  • 2002 . Mail and Guardian Towards the end of, the South African published an astonishing interview with him by Thomas Knerneyer for Die Welt. Though the interview was presented, under the headline ‘Sam Nujoma's Crazy Rantings’, as an example of how the Namibian President had ‘perfected the art of say ing absolutely nothing’, letter-writers subsequently pointed out that Nujoma had made all too clear his irrationality and prejudices: Mail and Guardian, 6 and 13 December 2002. Nujoma had acted similarly in earlier encounters with a BBC journalist and a South African Broadcasting Corporation ‘Special Assignment’ team, and during the struggle years was known for his ‘tantrums’: see, for example, M. Goulding, Peacemonger (London, 2001), 152
  • Ridgway , D. An Investigation of the Shooting at the Old Location on 10 December 2009. 157 See et al., (Windhoek, 1991). There were some exceptions to this, as when he mentions working with other parties (p.)
  • Lush , D. 1993 . Last Steps to Uhuru 255 – 6 . Windhoek Nujoma's supreme self-confidence was on display when the first election results came in November 1989 and showed the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance in the lead: see the first-hand account in
  • Emmett , T. Popular Resistance and the Roots of Nationalism in Namibia, 2009–1966 300 – 1 . See (Basel, 1999), esp.;Z. Ngavirue, Political Parties and Interest Groups in South West Africa (Namibia): A Study of a Plural Society (Basel, 1997), 217ff
  • Leys and Saul . Namibia's Liberation Struggle 20
  • Nathanael , K. 2002 . A Journey to Exile Aberystwyth The allegation that he revealed the whereabouts of SWAPO's guerrilla forces in the north to the South Africans, which enabled them to attack Omugulu-gOmbashe a few months later, in return for being allowed to leave—for which see, for example, (174—is not supported by any evidence. His return to Windhoek took place on the date in March that Namibia was to become independent 24 years later
  • Melber , H. 2002 . From Liberation Movements to Governments: On Political Culture in Southern Africa . African Sociological Review , 6 , 1
  • Dreschler , H. 1966 . Let Us Die Fighting London In Namibia there was no concept of the armed struggle, launched in, being a second war of resistance, because the first major war of resistance had been fought by the Herero and the Nama in 1904–07: see (1980
  • For Castro's version of events, see Nathanael, Journey into Exile, 168, 173
  • Shipanga , A. 1989 . In Search of Freedom: The Andreas Shipanga story as told to Sue Armstrong Gibralter (For the first major SWAPO crisis, see especially C. Leys and J. Saul, ‘Liberation Without Democracy? The SWAPO Crisis of 1976’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 20, 1 (Mar. 1994), and Leys and Saul, Namibia's Liberation Struggle, ch.3
  • Nathanael . Journey 101
  • Crocker , C. 1992 . High Noon in Southern Africa New York (See my ‘The United States and Namibian Independence’, Journal for Contemporary History, 2003 forthcoming
  • Totemeyer's , G. 1977 . Namibia—Old and New 248 Among the names spelt wrongly are Tsafendas (p.140) and David de Beer (p.). When is quoted, the pages are wrong (p. 249). There are a number of wrong dates, for example August should be 1978 (p. 266). Nujoma recalls one of the first major publications in the West to denounce South African rule of Namibia—Allard Lowenstein's Brutal Mandate (New York, 1962)—but gives the title incorrectly as ‘Stolen Mandate’ (p. 50)
  • Breytenbach , J. 1990 . They Live by the Sword Alberton See, for example, one of the books he cites, (13;F. Bridgland, Jonas Savimbi (London, 1986), esp. 489;Nathanael, Journey into Exile, 63, 189
  • Saul , Leys and . 1985 . Namibia's Liberation Struggle esp. ch. 3. Unlike the ANC, which held a congress at Kabwe in Zambia in, S WAPO held no congress in the 1980s. For much of that decade, it was consumed by the ‘spy scandal’, on which see especially S. Groth, Namibia: The Wall of Silence (Cape Town, 1995)
  • 1997 . Breaking the Wall of Silence Movement: A Report to the Namibian People Windhoek See, for example, the anonymously published
  • For this and other meetings he held with the South Africans, see the records of the South African Department of Foreign Affairs, Pretoria
  • 1980s . Leys and Saul suggest that in the the external leadership was suspicious of internal resistance and acted to dampen it down: Namibia's Liberation Struggle, ch. 4

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