- Mabel , V . 1967 . European Powers and South East Africa 290 – 291 . London Jackson Haight, (pp.;see also University of London. Institute of Commonwealth Studies. Postgraduate Seminar-Colonial/Imperial Economic History: The State and Industry. Paper for discussions on June 12, 1974: S. E. Katzenellenbogen, “Mozambique and South African Economic Policy,” p. 1. Hereafter cited as “Katzenellenbogen”
- Axelson , Eric . 1967 . Portugal and the Scramble for Africa, 1875–1891 12 – 14 . Johannesburg (pp.;R. J. Hammond, Portugal and Africa 1815–1910 (Stanford, 1966), p. 82;Katzenellenbogen, p. 1. For the relevant text of the treaty itself, see Relaç[otilde]es com a Africa do Sul até a convencã de 1909, ed. Ministénio das Colónias (Lisboa, 1929), document Nr. 1: “Tratado de paz, amizade, comercio e limites, de 29 de Julho de 1869, entre Portugal e a República da Africa Meridional,” articles 3, 5, 22 (paragraph 2)
- Axelson . 12–14;Hammond, p. 82
- Relaç[otilde]es … 1909, document Nr. 2: “Tratado de amizade e comércio entre Portugal e a República da Africa Meridional (Transvaal), assinado em Lisboa a 11 de Dezembro de 1875 e confirmado e ratificado por Carta Regia de 26 de Maio de 1876,” article 6;Hammond, p. 256
- Relaç[otilde]es … 1909, document Nr. 3: “Documentos acerca da ratificaçao do Tratado de 1875.”;Hammond, p. 256: Jean van der Poel, Railways and Customs Policy in South Africa 1885–1910 (London, 1933), pp. 5–7
- Hallett , R. 1974 . Africa Since 1875 See maps in, Vol. II (Ann Arbor, pp. 28–29
- 1971 . Monica Wilson and Leonard Thompson, ed., The Oxford History of South Africa, (London, II: D. Hobart Houghton, “Economic Development, 1865–1965”, pp. 11–12
- Abshirc , David M. and Samuels , A. , eds. 1969 . Portuguese Africa, A Handbook London (David M. Abshire, “From the Scramble for Africa to the ‘New State’,” p.69
- Axelson . 147, 296–297;P. R. Warhurst, Anglo-Portuguese Relations in South-Central Africa 1890–1900 (Londen, 1962), pp. 70–72;Abshire, pp. 72–74;Hammond, pp. 145–147
- Warhurst . 141–142;Hammond, p. 249;J. S. Marais, The Fall of Kruger's Republic (Oxford, 1961), pp. 214–215
- Marais . 215–216;Warhurst, pp. 142–144;Hammond, pp. 250–251
- Hammond . 256–257;Warhurst, pp. 148–149;see also L. E. van Niekerk, Dr. W. J. Leyds as gesant van die Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek (Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of the Orange Free State, 1972), pp. 308–309
- Niekerk , Van . Germany continued to interfere actively in the Rand-Delagoa Bay area even after the 1898 agreement between herself and Britain: see on this, for example, pp. 299–307, 311;Hammond, pp. 259–260;Britain and Germany in Africa: Imperial Rivalry and Colonial Rule, ed. Professor Gifford and Wm. Roger Louis (New Haven, 1967): Jeffrey Butler, “The German Factor in Anglo-Transvaal Relations,” pp. 206 (note 102), 212;Marais, p. 216
- According to Marais, p. 212. the British “colonial office was pursuing a 'dog in the manger policy’ with regard to Delagoa Bay. As long as the South African Republic remained an independent state and continued to pursue an ‘isolationist’ policy, it suited the colonial office very well that the harbour of Lourenco Marques should remain unimproved.” Nor should the British attempt, in 1898, to seek administrative control over Delagoa Bay, ostensibly in order to develop the port and railway, be taken at its face value. For in effect, had the British been able to acquire such control, they would have been in a position to curtail all trade between Delagoa Bay and the Rand
- Andrade , Freire de . 1922 . Relalorio 4 Lisboa See, for instance
- 1937 . Relaç[otilde]es com a Africa do Sul. Revisão da convenção de 1928, 1934. 4 Lisboa
- Sheila , T . 1942 . Native Labour in South Africa 136 – 137 . London See on this, van der Horst, (pp.;James Duffy, A Question of Slavery (Oxford, 1967), p. 141;Hammond, p. 326
- Hammond . 326–327;Van der Poel, pp. 109, 119–120;L. M. Thompson. The Unification of South Africa, 1902–1910 (Oxford, 1960), pp. 54–55;The Oxford History …: L. Thompson, “The Compromise of Union”, pp. 343–344. For the relevant sections of the text itself, see Relaç[otilde]es … 1909, document Nr. 6: “Acôrdo para um 'modus vivendi’ entre a provincia de Moçambique e o Transvaal, assinado em Lourenco Marques em 13 de Dezembro de 1901,” articles IV and X. The text can also be read in English in A. P. Newton, ed., Select Documents, to the Unification of South Africa, I, (London, 1968), pp. 176–181
- Hammond . 327
- de Kock , M. H. 1924 . Selected Subjects in Economic History of South Africa 311 – 312 . Cape Town On the 1903 tariff, see (pp.;Van der Poel, pp. 123–124
- Poel , Van der . 126–127, 139;The Oxford History …: Thompson, p. 344
- As a result of the South African customs agreement of the previous year, goods whose constituent raw materials had been produced outside the Transvaal but within South Africa would also enjoy duty free treatment: see Hammond, p. 330. For the text of the treaty, see Relaç[otilde]es … 1909, document Nr. 7: “Ac[otilde]rdo para um aditamento ao 'modus vivendi’ de 18 de Dezembro de 1901, assinado em Lourenço Marques em 15 de Junho de 1904.” For the implications of the treaty, see Hammond, pp. 330–331
- Poel , Van der . 143;Thompson, The Unification …, pp. 292–293
- Hammond . Relaç[otilde]es … 1909, document Nr. 24: “Convenção entre o gověrno da provincia de Mozambique e o gověrno do Transvaal para regular os serviços de recrutamento de indígenas dos caminhos de ferro e do pôrto e as relaç[otilde]es comerciais e de alf[acaron]ndega, assinada em Pretoria a 1 de Abril de 1909,” article XXIII. See also, p. 331;Thompson, The Unification …, pp. 293–294;Van der Poel, p. 143
- Relaç[otilde]es … 1909, doc. 24, art. XXIII;A Manual of Portuguese Africa, ed. British Admiralty (London, 1920), pp. 378–379
- Relaç[otilde]es … 1909, doc. 24, Part III, passim;the modification of 1904 likewise remained in force: ibid.
- Hammond . Ibid. art. XXVI. See also, p. 331
- Shipping rates were to be changed simply by means of direct consultation between the two governments: Relaç[otilde]es … 1909, doc. 24, art. XXIV
- Referring to ibid., arts. XXI-XXXI
- Hammond . Quoted in, p. 334. According to Relaç[otilde]es … 1909, doc. 24, art. XL, “if, on the establishment of a Union of the South African Colonies, the Transvaal becomes a party to such Union, the government of the Union shall take the place of the Transvaal government …” The convention would continue for ten years and would then continue from year to year until either party should have given one year's notice to terminate it: ibid., art. XLI
- Andrade . 1971 . 26–27: see also Alfredo Pereira de Lima, História dos caminhos de ferro de Moçambique, Vol. III (Lourenço Marques, p. 159. Slightly different figures, showing, however, the same trend, are given in A Manual …, pp. 382–383
- Andrade . 26–27;Pereira de Lima, p. 159
- 1927 . Offisiële jaarboek van die Unie 582 Pretoria
- Andrade . 6;see also an interview by Andrade in “O convénio Luso-Trans-vaaliano”, Seculo, July 14, 1922
- Andrade . 6: “O convénio …”, Seculo, July 14. 1922;“South Africa, the Union and its Neighbors”, The Roundtable (Dec, 1922-Sept., 1923), p. 658
- Pretoria . 1960 . Uniestatistieke oor vyftig jaar, 1910–1960, opgestel deur die Buro vir Scnsus en Statistiek, p. K-15
- Houghton . The Oxford History …:, “Econ. Dev….”, pp. 13, 17: Andrade, p. 6;“South Africa, the Union …”, p. 658
- Andrade . 6;“O convénio …”, Seculo, July 14, 1922;“South Africa, the Union …”, pp. 658–659
- Andrade . 1923 . Documentos 67 Lisbon (a brochure by the Portuguese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, published for confidential use, p. (document Nr. 50): “Memorandum: The New Mozambique Convention” (June 12, 1922). On Smuts’ authorship of this memo., see, p. 6;Portugal. Ministério das Negócios Estrangeiros. Arquivo de embaixada de Portugal em Londres. Caixa No. 153: Relaç[otilde]es com a União Sul Africana (1918–1925): first telegram of June 25, 1922 from Portuguese foreign minister, José Barbosa de Magalaes to Texeira Gomes, Portuguese minister to London
- Oct. 25 1921 . Oct. 25 , See Lourenço Marques Guardian
- A Manual …, p. 381
- Portugal . June 22. 1922 . June 22. , See on this, for example, Diário da Cámara dos Deputados, pp. 22–23
- A Manual …, p. 381
- Relaç[otilde]es … 1909, doc. 24, arts. XXIII, XXIV
- A Manual …, p. 381
- Ibid.
- Supra, p. 110
- June 15 1922 . June 15 , Documentos, p. 86 (document Nr. 55): “Memorandum”
- Andrade . Relatorios 6 – 7 . Lourenço Marques Guardian (October 25, 1921): speech by Smuts
- Documentos, p. 68 (doc. 50)
- Ibid., p. 87 (doc. 55)
- August 9 1921 . August 9 , Lourenço Marques Guardian (p. 5
- Union Archives of South Africa. Prime Minister's Office: P.M. 1/2, file 45/1 (Box 141), vol. 6: memorandum of Johannesburg Chamber of Commerce to Prime Minister Smuts, May 20, 1922, entitled, “Transvaal-Mozambique Convention”, p. 1–2
- Ibid., p. 5
- Relaç[otilde]es… 1909, doc. 24, art. XLI;cf. supra, note 30
- Great Britain. Public Record Office: F.O.155/15181: letter of Prime Minister Smuts to Prince Arthur of Connaught, Governnor General of South Africa, March 23, 1922
- Documentos, p. 67
- Supra, pp. 110–111
- Documentos, p. 68
- Supra, pp. 108–109
- Ibid., p. 108–109
- Documentos, p. 68
- Ibid., p. 67;see also “South Africa, the Union …,” p. 658: the new port would be built on Sordwana Bay, along the Zulu coast
- Ibid., p. 69
- On the authorship of the Portuguese memorandum, see Portugal. Ministério das Negócios Estrangeiros … first telegram of June 25, 1922: Magalhaes to Gomes
- Supra, pp. 108–109
- Documentos, p. 88, clauses 2 and 3
- Ibid., pp. 88–89: clause 3
- June 24 1922 . June 24 , Portugal. Diário das Sess[otilde]es do Senado, p. 7
- Portugal. Ministério das Negócios Estrangeiros … second telegram of June 25, 1922: Magalhaes to Gomes
- June 22 1922 . June 22 , Portugal. Diário da Cámara dos Deputados, p. 29
- Andrade, p. 4
- Ibid., p. 18
- June 24 1922 . June 24 , Portugal. Diário das Sess[otilde]es do Senado, p. 7;Portugal. Ministério das Negócios Estrangeiros … second telegram of June 25, 1922: Magalhaes to Gomes
- Hyam , Ronald . 1972 . The Failure of South African Expansion, 1908–1948 34 London
- Ibid.
- Ibid., pp. 22–25
- Katzenellenbogen, p. 4
- Portugal. Ministerio das Negócios Estrangeiros … third telegram of June 25, 1922: Magalhaes to Gomes. On the issue of sovreignty, see also the Portuguese Minister of Colonies, Rodriguez Gaspar, 's speech in Parliament: Portugal. Diário das C[acaron]mara dos Deputados, June 22, 1922, pp. 20–22;Andrade, p. 4
- Great Britain. Public Record Office: F.O. 155/31711: memorandum written by British Permanent Under Secretary of State, Sir Eyre Crowe, on discussion he had had that same day with Portuguese minister, Gomes, June 27, 1922;see also Portugal. Ministério das Negócios Estrangeiros … telegram of June 27, 1922
- Andrade . 4
- Ibid. For Smuts’ expansionist desires at the peace conference of 1919, see in particular, Union Archives of South Africa. Smuts Collection: Box G, Memoranda on Political Matters by J. C. Smuts 1906–1949, Nr. 4: “The Mozambique Province and the Union of South Africa.” Smuts, writing probably in 1919, clearly desired South Africa to annex Mozambique. At the same time, however, he seems to have expected to do this with British help: “The creation of the greater Union of South Africa is a practical certainty … It would, therefore, materially assist this larger policy if Mozambique were added to the Union … It is clear that the arrangement should be made by the Imperial Government who will have a much stronger position from the point of view both of prestige and bargaining than the Union Government would have.” (ibid., p. 3). See also another memorandum of his, written presumably only a short time later: ibid., Nr. 5: “Delagoa Bay and Portuguese East Africa,” pp. 2–3: “In my opinion it is essential to the proper development of the Union that this territory [Mozambique] should be incorporated … under the control and in possession, of the Union … the Imperial Government should obtain this territory, either by purchase or by exchange, and then hand it over to the Union of South Africa.”These passages suggest, therefore, that the Union, in 1919, considered Britain's active intervention as vital to any annexation of Mozambique. While it is doubtful that Britain could have prevented South Africa from annexing Mozambique (see supra, p. 115), the Union, for reasons of her own, nonetheless, does not seem to have been willing to take such a step independently. On a possible explanation for this, see infra, pp. 117–118
- Andrade . 4
- May 22 1922 . May 22 , The actual date of the speech had been May 20: Cape Times, p. 7
- Ibid., p. 8
- Union Archives of South Africa. Prime Minister's Office: P.M. 1/2, file 45/1 (Box 140), vol. 5: message of Smuts to Curzon, May 19, 1922, to be transmitted via Prince Arthur of Connaught, Governor General of South Africa. According to Smuts, Andrade “ruled out closer political Union between British South Africa and Mozambique … I have now proposed to him joint Railway and Harbour Board to manage and control port and harbour of Delagoa Bay and railways Lhence to Transvaal … I would ask you most earnestly to use diplomatic influence with Portuguese Government … Am informed that British diplomatic pressure will be successful,” ibid., pp. 1–2.Thus, in contrast to 1919, the Union no longer expected British support for any possible annexation of Mozambique, but only perhaps on the issue of management of Delagoa Bay. Smuts, by his own admission, in his discussion with Andrade, had himself broached the subject of “closer political Union” (annexation?) (ibid., p. 1). This was hardly a serious demand however, but rather a tentative suggestion which Smuts, upon Andrade's refusal, promptly had dropped. Smuts's relative timidity on the issue of possible annexation of Mozambique contrasted with his attitude three years before, suggesting that his interest in Union expansion had receded commensurately with his hopes of active British intervention on South Africa's behalf. See also supra, note 82, paragraph 2
- Andrade . 18–19
- Documentos, p. 87
- Ibid., p. 89, clause 6
- See supra, note 63
- Andrade . 15;Documentos, p. 86
- Union Archives of South Africa. Prime Minister's Office: P.M. 1/2, file 45/1 (Box 141), vol. 6, document Nr. 33: letter of “General Manager” (presumably of South African Railways) to J. W. Jagger, minister of railways and harbours, June 16, 1922, p. 2
South African Historical Journal
Volume 8, 1976 - Issue 1