- Wallis , J. P. R. 1950 . One Man's Hand The Story of Sir Charles Coghlan and the Liberation of Southern Rhodesia (London,;reprint edn., Bulawayo, 1972). All page references to this work are from the original edition, hereafter cited as Wallis
- Kane , N. S. 1954 . Ibid. 215 – 24 . xii-xiii. This portrayal of Coghlan is also reflected in The World's View The Story of Southern Rhodesia. (London, ch. 6, pp., which includes reminiscences of Coghlan by his daughter, Petal (later Mrs M. Coghlan-Chennells);O. Ransford, The Rulers of Rhodesia From Earliest Times to the Referendum (London, 1968), pp. 312–13;L. Hastings, review of 'One Man's Hand’ in African Affairs, vol. 50, 1951, pp. 167–8
- Lee , M. E. 1974 . Politics and Pressure Groups in Southern Rhodesia, 1898–1923 (Unpubld. Ph.D. thesis, London University, Hereafter cited as Lee. A summary of Dr Lee's findings is contained in Lee, 'The Political Economy of Southern Rhodesia, 1898–1923’ in University of Rhodesia, Political Economy Research Seminar, paper no. 6, 1974 and Lee, 'The origins of the Responsible Government movement’ in Rhodesian History, vol. 6, 1975, pp. 33–52
- Hummel , H. C. 1975 . A political biography of Sir Charles Coghlan. University of London . (Unpubld. Ph.D. thesis, Hereafter cited as Hummel
- Chanock , M. 1977 . Unconsumated union Britain, Rhodesia and South Africa 1900–1945 (Manchester
- Hyam , R. 1972 . The Failure of South African Expansion 1908–1948 (London, ch. 3, pp. 47–71
- Warhurst , P. R. 1970 . Rhodesia and her neighbours 1900–23. 93 – 108 . Oxford University . (Unpubld. D. Phil, thesis, and Warhurst, ‘Rhodesian-South African Relations, 1900–23’ in South African Historical Journal, no. 3, Nov. 1971, pp.
- Lee . The Political Economy of Southern Rhodesia 1
- For a more detailed discussion, see Hummel, ch. I, 'The early years, 1863–1900’, pp. 15–38
- Wallis . 1–2
- Ibid., pp. 8–12
- 1932 . CO, Bella [Isabella, later Mrs Buller, Coghlan's only sister] to Mrs M. Coghlan-Chennells, 6 June Code letters A, CO, KE, LE, NE and RC refer to files in the National Archives, Salisbury;CO. to Colonial Office files in the Public Record Office, London
- 1943 . CO, Bella to Mrs Coghlan-Chennells, n.d.;Wallis, p. 18
- 1943 . The details are contained in CO, Bella to Mrs Coghlan-Chennells
- Lyons , F. S. L. 1971 . Ireland since the Famine For details of this policy, dubbed 'killing Home Rule by kindness’, see, (London, ch. 4, pp. 197–218
- Wallis . 20
- Hummel . For Coghlan and his self-professed ‘Liberalism’, see, pp. 118–21, 272–5, 278, 280–81, 365, 367, 418–19, 430, 500
- 1923 . Rhodesia Herald, 2 Oct.
- de Kock , W. J. , ed. 1968 . Dictionary of South African Biography, vol. I Pretoria (pp. 688–90
- MacCrone , I. D. 1937 . Race Attitudes in South Africa For the best defined formulation of this thesis, see, (Oxford, pp. 1–135 MacCrone, ‘The Frontier Tradition and Race Attitudes in South Africa’ in Race Relations Journal, vol. 28, no. 3, 1961, pp. 19–30. As frontier situations and attitudes was one of the major themes examined at the sixth biennial conference of the South African Historical association, I prefaced this paper by explaining that in terms of the critical re-appraisal of the frontier tradition in South African historiography pioneered by Martin Legassick (see Legassick,'The Frontier Tradition in South African Historiography'in University of London Institute of Commonwealth Studies, Oct. 1970-June 1971, no. 12, collected seminar papers on the societies of Southern Africa in the 19th and 20th centuries, vol. 2, pp. 1–33), my view of Coghlan as frontiersman would fit the latter's definition of those historians who mix their definitions of frontier, i.e. historians who 'move between the idea of frontier as isolation from the parent society and the frontier as meeting-point of black and white cultures, peoples and society’. So, according to Legassick's conceptual framework, Coghlan fits the definition of a man who was a legatee of the 'frontier of exclusion, operating on a frontier of inclusion’
- Stead , J. L. 1974 . The Development and Failure of the Eastern Cape Separatist Movement with special reference to John Patterson (Unpubld. M.A. thesis, Rhodes University, pp. 105–6
- See ibid., p. 30
- Sole , D. B. 1939 . The Separation Movement and the demand for Resident Government in the Eastern Province (comprising a record of political opinion in the Province during the half century, 1828–1878) For detailed studies of the Eastern Cape Separatist movement, besides Stead, see, (Unpubld. M.A. thesis, Rhodes University College, and N. H. Taylor, The Separation Movement during the period of Representative Government at the Cape, 1854–1872 (Unpubld. M.A. thesis, University of Cape Town, 1938)
- Hummel . For details, see, ch. I, pp. 22–23, 24, 38
- Galbraith , J. S. 1974 . Crown and Charter The Early Years of the British South Africa Company For detailed analyses of Rhodesia's early constitutional and political development, see, (London, chs. 4, 5, 8, 9, 10;L. H. Gann, A History of Southern Rhodesia Early Days to 1934 (London, 1965), chs. 1–4;C. Leys, European Politics in Southern Rhodesia (Oxford, 1959), ch. I;P. Mason, The Birth of a Dilemma, The Conquest and Settlement of Rhodesia, part II, chs. 1–5;C. Palley, The Constitutional History and Law of Southern Rhodesia 1888–1965 with special reference to Imperial control (Oxford, 1966), chs. 5–7;S. Samkange, Origins of Rhodesia, (London, 1968)
- Ransford , O. 1968 . Bulawayo: Historical Battleground of Rhodesia 144 Cape Town
- Ranger , T. O. 1967 . Revolt in Southern Rhodesia 1896–7 A Stydy in African Resistance London This refers to the Ndebele rising which had broken out on 24 March 1896 and had later spread to the Shona, and ended only three years previously. See (and more recently J. R. D. Cobbing, The Ndebele under the Khumalos, 1820–1896 (Unpubld. Ph.D. thesis, University of Lancaster, 1976)
- Lee . 57
- Ibid., pp. 64–5
- Ibid., pp. 57, 58, 64–5
- Percival Ross Frames, b. 1863, Port Elizabeth. Solictor and political agent to Rhodes and De Beers in Kimberley;to Bulawayo, 1898, partner of W. P. Grimmer to 1899, and of Coghlan, 1900–02;M. L. C. (Matabeleland), 1902;left Rhodesia, Nov. 1902 to take up position with Premier Diamond company, later managing director;director of De Beers, 1920
- Hummel . ch. 2, pp. 49–55;Lee, ch. 2. For Milner, see G. B. Pyrah, Imperial Policy and South Africa 1902–10 (Oxford, 1955), pp. 183–4, 198–9;G. H. L. Le May, British Supremacy in South Africa 1899–1907 (Oxford, 1965), pp. 168–71;T. R. H. Davenport, The Afrikaner Bond The History of a South African Political Party, 1880–1911 (London, 1966), ch. 12
- 1902 . Butawayo Chronicle (weekly edition), 6 Sept., letter by 'A Rhodesian’ to editor, 30 Aug
- 1902 . See e.g. letter by Henry Lamb to editor, Bulawayo Chronicle, in Bulawayo Chronicle, 20 Sept.
- Hummel . 60
- Hummel . 1902 . Bulawayo Chronicle 51 (weekly), 1 Jan., report of Frames’ speech to the Bulawayo and Debating society, announcing his willingness to stand for the legislative council. For details of Coghlan's reaction, see, pp., 56–7, 60
- 1902 . The most forceful expressions of this view are contained in Coghlan's address as chairman of the Bulawayo Literary and Debating society's ‘monster’ meeting of 26 Aug. 1902 as reported in Bulawayo Chronicle, 30 Aug.;Coghlan, 'Politics in Southern Rhodesia’, 28 July 1905, in 'Anecdotes and impressions of Rhodesia by prominent personalities’ in KE 2/1/3;letter, Coghlan to H.U. Moffat, 27 Oct. [1921] in CO 8/1/1, f. 25
- Grimmer , William Paterson . 1868–1941 . (Brother of Jack Grimmer, secretary to Rhodes. Solicitor and partner of Frames;M.L.C. (Mashonaland), 1899–1902;practised in Salisbury to 1904, thereafter partner in Johannesburg firm of Steytler, Grimmer & Murray
- Hummel . 81–2
- See appendix
- Lee . For background on the formation of sectional interest bodies in Rhodesia, see, ch. I, 'The pressure groups’, pp. 11–37
- For details, see Lee, ch. 4, 'Changing conflict: the growth of agriculture’, pp. 79–102
- Hummel . 51–60
- Ibid., pp. 63–5
- Ibid., p. 229
- The measure referred to was the Criminal Trials (High Court) act, no. 18 of 1927. See ibid., p. 495
- In regard to Cape, see Stead, op. cit., pp. 5, 8–9, 14–5, 23, chs. 2& 3
- See ibid., pp. 107–26
- Hummel . For details, see, pp. 70–73;Lee, pp. 73–4
- 1889 . Gordon Stewart Drummond Forbes (1868–1915). To South Africa, Rhodesia, 1893;member of R.C.M., 1897, president, 1903;director of Rhodesian Ancient Ruins company, 1895;manager, Rhodesia Mining and Finance company & Antenior gold mine;managing director of Forbes Rhodesia Syndicate Ltd.;member of Bulawayo Smallworkers and Tributors association, 1905, president, 1910–11;leader of 'abrogation of the charter’ movement and delegation to London, 1904;returned unopposed for Western electoral district, 1905, elected, despite loss of R.C.M. support, 1908, returned unopposed, 1911, and elected for Bulawayo South, 1914
- Hummel . 76–7
- Ibid., pp. 76–80
- Ibid., pp. 80–81
- Ibid., pp. 86–7, 91–99
- Ibid., pp. 107–8
- 1904 . Bulawayo Chronicle, 18 June, report of Coghlan's speech to ratepayers’ association meeting soon after his return from Salisbury conference
- Hummel . pp, 108–9
- Ibid., pp. 162, 173
- 1904 . A 2/9/3, Milton to J. F. Jones, 3 May
- 1905 . RC 3/3/10, Imperial Secretary to Commandant-General, 16 Jan.;Rhodesia Herald, 20 Nov. 1905, editorial;Bulawayo Chronicle, 25 Nov. 1905
- 1905 . Bulawayo Chronicle, 25 Nov.
- Ibid.
- 1923 . Newton family papers (belonging to O. H. F. Newton, Esq.), Mrs E. Tawse Jollie to Sir Francis Newton, 17 June []
- 1898 . Theodore Haddon, born 1872. Mayor of Bulawayo,;unsuccessful legislative council candidate (Matabeleland constituency), 1899;member of Bulawayo stock exchange, chamber of mines, landowners and farmers association;general manager of the Goldfields of Matabeleland Ltd., 1900 and later of the Globe & Phoenix mine;elected for Matabeleland, 1902, soon after spent 18 months in England, returned to Rhodesia in 1904 with instructions from London board of BSA company directors to 'break the news’ of the Goldie settlement proposals to the Rhodesian public, but did this so ineptly that he returned to England after the ‘defeat’ of the Conservatives at the Salisbury conference, June 1904;later back to Rhodesia, unsuccessful candidate for Midlands electoral district, 1911, refused permission by his board to stand for Coghlan's Rhodesia party, 1924
- 1904 . Bulawayo Chronicle (weekly), 25 June, Holland's speech at Bulawayo Drill Hall, 21 June
- 1908 . This was revealed by Coghlan in the course of his election speech to his Western (Matabeleland) constituents of 31 Mar. as reported in the Bulawayo Chronicle, 3 Apr. 1908
- 1908 . Bulawayo Chronicle, 6 Mar., letter, Forbes to editor, 3 Mar. 1908
- McDonald , James Gordon . 1867–1942 . (A close associate and biographer of Rhodes, he was sent to Rhodesia in 1891 to manage the above concerns. Throughout his Rhodesian career, leading member of R.C.M., president, 1925–31 and driving force behind formation of Rhodesian Mine Owners association, Nov. 1920;organiser of Rhodesia Union association policy, 1919–23, keeping in close touch with Smuts and BSA Company officials
- Hummel . For details, see, pp. 145–50
- Fletcher , Robert Alexander . 1865–1950 . (Cape born;civil engeneer and surveyor;to Rhodesia, 1894, later took up farming;vice-president of Rhodesian Landowners and Farmers association, 1901–6;president, 1907–14;president of the Rhodesian Agricultural union, 1910–14;active in farmers’ passive resistance movement to labour fees ordinance and Rhodesian league, 1912, signatory of ‘anti-Charter’ Gwelo Manifesto or ‘Common Platform’, 1914;member of the Responsible Government association, 1917–19, resigned to support representative government;delegate to Colonial Office, 1921. First elected 1908, did not stand, 1911, defeated, 1914, elected for Western, 1920 & 1924. Minister of agriculture and lands, 1928–23. A consistent opponent of Company government
- Mitchell , George . 1867–1937 . (Canadian born;to South African, 1889, manager of the Bank of Africa;to Rhodesia, 1893, manager of Rhodesia Exploration and Development company from 1901 (amalgamated with the Rhodesia Goldfields company, 1912, therafter joint resident director with J. G. McDonald);president of R.C.M., 1905, 1907, 1910–14;from 1919 devoted himself to ranching activities on his farm near Bulawayo, Described as having ‘no very urgent convictions about anything’ (Lee, p. 281), his had refused to become associated with the Goldie scheme, 1904;defeated in 1908, he was returned unopposed for Western, 1911, elected for Bulawayo district, 1914, defeated as an independent, Bulawayo South, 1924, elected as Rhodesia party candidate, Gwanda, 1928;minister of mines, 1930, prime minister for a few months, 1933
- Passmore , G. C. and Mitchell , M. T. 1963 . Source Book of Parliamentary Elections and Referenda in Southern Rhodesia, 1898–1962 105 Salisbury In a 50,9% poll and a total vote of 2 678 Fletcher won 714 votes, Forbes 696, Coghlan 671. Mitchell gained 597. See
- See fn. 72
- 1908 . Bulawayo Chronicle, 1 May, report of Coghlan's election speech at Raylton, 23 Apr. For details of campaign, see Hummel, pp. 150–64
- Hummel . 164–8
- Hummel . 1908 . A 11/2/18/27, cable, Milton to [BSA Company] London Office, 26 Sept. For details, see, pp. 196–8
- 1923 . Particularly revealing is a draft by Coghlan to Earl Buxton, replying to a letter from the latter, written on 23 May, formely in the possession of Mrs Joyce Baxter, a secretary of Coghlan, now accessioned to National Archives, Salisbury under CO
- 1909 . See Coghlan's reporting back speech to a Bulawayo audience on 27 Feb., quoted extensively in Wallis, p. 108
- Wallis . 106
- Ibid.
- Thompson , L. M. 1960 . The Unification of South Africa 1902–1910. 253 Oxford (pp., 260
- 1909 . Southern Rhodesia Legislative Council Debates, p. 22, c.I
- 1910 . Bulawayo Chronicle, 8 July, reporting Coghlan's speech of 6 July
- Hummel . 1909 . C.O. 537/522 no. 21432, C.W. Boyd to Colonel Seely, 3 June For details, see, pp. 193, 199–202
- 1910 . Bulawayo Chronicle, 2 Dec.
- Ibid.
- This switch of policy was outlined in a memorandum by the BSA Company's general manager, H. Wilson Fox, 29 May 1911, in Gell Papers (National Manuscripts Commission, London), 4/425 where Dr Warhurst found it in 1970. See Warhurst in South African Historical Journal, op. cit., p. 101
- 1910 . Coghlan at Bulawayo's pioneer dinner, 6 July as reported in Bulawayo Chronicle, 8 July, and at Caledonian banquet, 30 Nov. 1910 as reported in Bulawayo Chronicle, 2 Dec
- Lieutenant-Colonel (later Sir Raleigh) Grey (1860–1936). A great-grandson of the first Earl Grey. Commander of the Bechuanaland Border police, 1889, later transfererd to B.S.A. police, served in 1893 Ndebele war;participated in Jameson raid, imprisoned in Holloway gaol for a year. Unsuccessful candidate for Salisbury town council, 1897;vice-president of Salisbury chamber of mines, 1898, but forced to resign, Mar., president, 1899–1912;general manger and later managing director of the United Rhodesia Goldflelds company and its subsidiaries, Rhodesia Lands Ltd., Hartley Mines Ltd., Simoona Development company, Mayo (Rhodesia) Development company, and Penhalonga Gold Mining company. M.L.C., 1899–1920 when he was defeated by W. M. Leggate in Salisbury district. Throughout his political career was associated with various movements supporting the continuation of Company rule
- RC 3/8/5, Resident Commissioner to High Commissioner, enclosing press cuttings of 1911 election campaign
- Hummel . 175, 217, 383, 453
- 1911 . Bulawayo Chronicle, 17 Mar.
- Hummel . ch. V, 'A long interlude of disillusionment, phase II’, pp. 219–65
- Ibid., pp. 251–3
- Lee . 127, 157
- Ibid., ch. 4, 'Changing conflict: the growth of agriculture’, especially pp. 101, 125–6
- Hummel . 427–8. For Coghlan's generally unsympathetic attitude to farming grievances, see Hummel, pp. 43, 167, 170, 240 et seq., 435, 443, 454, 490–91
- Lee . 97 and Gann, op. cit., p. 169
- Personal communication from Sir Ernest Lucas Guest
- Of the 7 elected members returned to the legislative council in 1911 only Frederick Eyles, senior member for Northern, was a fulltime farmer (and then soon after deserted the farming camp). Francis Myburgh, senior member for Eastern, an Umtali solictor and farmer, also tended to support farming interests. The other five, Herman Heyman, senior member for Midlands, Grey, junior member for Northern, Coghlan, Forbes and Mitchell, the three Western members who had been returned unopposed, were mining representatives. See Lee, p. 98
- Hummel . See, pp. 239–51, particularly in respect to Coghlan's support for a labour tax ordinance in 1911, which in an effort to strengthen the financial base of the recently reconstituted native labour bureau, made it compulsory for all employers regardless of whether or not they obtained their labour through its agency, to pay the 1/- tax on employees. Farmers, particularly those in areas which did not rely on the bureau for labour recruiting, strongly resented the measure which resulted, it was felt, from their lack of representation in the legislative council. In consequence, dissident farmers, comprising about 40% of the white farming community, set up a defence committee which organised a passive resistance campaign, in face of which the administration had to back down and request the colonial secretary in May 1912 to disallow the ordinance
- Gann . op. cit. 216
- Hummel . 243–5 &Lee, pp. 101, 125, pointing out that Grey as early as May 1911 had proposed an increase in the number of elected members and a redistribution of seats so as to redress the unfavourable balance of representation between rural and farming areas, on the one hand, and urban and mining areas, on the other
- Lee . 126–7
- Hummel . 248, 257–61 &Lee, pp. 128–9, 135–6, 139
- Hummel . 261 &Lee, pp. 137–8
- 1915 . Bulawayo Chronicle, 17 Sept., letter, Grey to editor, 14 Sept
- Stewart , George . born 1966, Scotland;to South Africa, 1888;company manager, Rhodesia Ltd., and subsidiary companies, and the Mashonaland Agency from 1902;president of R.C.M. 1909, 1915
- Longden , Herbert Thomas . (1876–1939). Cape born;to Rhodesia, 1894;magistrate and civil commissioner, Gwelo, to 1896, practised as an attorney in Gwelo, 1896–1914, when he moved to Bulawayo;favoured 'abrogation of the charter’, 1904, led opposition to monopolistic precious stones ordinance, 1906, signatory of the Gwelo manifesto, 1914. Returned unopposed for Midlands, 1905, elected, 1908, defeated at Midlands, 1911, Bulawayo North, 1914, Bulawayo South, 1915, and 1920 as a result of his Unionist sympathies;chairman of Rhodesia Unionist association, 1919 and nominated by it to negotiate with Smuts, 1922;later, acting judge of high court, retired to Cape, 1932
- Hummel . 1915 . Bulawayo Chronicle, 29 Oct., letter, Longden to editor, 26 Oct. For full details, see, pp. 287–8
- Stewart won 193 votes, Longden 183. See Passmore & Mtchell, op. cit., p. 110
- Hummel . 301, 302–5 & Lee, pp. 155–6
- 1917 . Southern Rhodesia Legislative Council Debates, pp. 380, 382
- When the amalgamation ordinance was put to the vote on 30 Apr. 1917 it was passed by 9 votes to 6, but as the majority of elected members voted against it, it remained stillborn
- For details, see Warhurst thesis, chs. 7, 8 & 9, and Warhurst in South African Historical Journal, op. cit., pp. 102–8
- Hancock , W. K. 1968 . Smuts, vol. 2, The Fields of Force (Cambridge, p. 152 & Warhurst in South African Historical Journal, op. cit., p. 102
- 1921 . CO 8/1/3, ff. 39–42, Coghlan to Lady Coghlan, 8 Sept., quoted by Wallis, p. 180
- Gann . op. cit. 246 For details of Smuts’ terms for Rhodesia's entry into the Union, see & Hancock, op. cit., p. 153
- Wallis . 1921 . CO, Coghlan to Lady Coghlan, 6 Sept., quoted by, p. 180;CO 8/1/3, Coghlan to Lady Coghlan, 8 Sept. 1921;LE 3/1/1, ff. 82–7, H. U. Moffat to Coghlan, 2 Oct. 1921
- Hummel . 259–60
- 1927 . CO 8/1/3, Coghlan to Bella, 6 Mar.;Gann, op. cit., p. 253;Hummel, pp. 476–8
- 1922 . CO. 417/679 no. 29571, encl., Coghlan to Newton, 13 Apr.
- Hummel . 312–37 &Lee, pp. 158–62
- Hummel . 312–13 &Lee, pp. 158–9
- Hummel . 337
- Hummel . 338–41, 344, 345, 350, 354, 408, 409
- Hummel . 1921 . CO 8/1/3, ff. 182–3, Coghlan to Lady Coghlan, 17 Nov. See also, pp. 387–8
- 1921 . CO 8/1/3, Coghlan to Lady Coghlan, 8 Sept.
- 1921 . CO, Coghlan to Lady Coghlan, 6 Sept.
- 1921 . CO 8/1/3, f. 182, Coghlan to Moffat, 27, Oct.
- Newton , Francis James . 1857–1948 . (Barrister;A.D.C. to Sir Hercules Robinson, governor of Cape and high commissioner, 1881–3;private secretary to Sir Thomas Scanlen, 1881–86, to Sir Hercules Robinson, 1884–6;sent to Mauritius, 1886;served in Bechuanaland administration, 1888–95, resident commissioner, Bechuanaland protectorate, 1895–7, after Jameson raid enquiry transferred to West Indies;treasurer of Southern Rhodesia, 1903–19;defeated as pro-charter candidate, Northern district, 1920;joined Responsible Government association, and member of London delegation, 1921;represented Responsible Government party in London, 1923;elected Mazoe district, 1924;high commissioner for Southern Rhodesia in London, 1924–30
- 1922 . NE 1/1/1, Coghlan to Newton, 14 Nov.
- Hummel . ch. 8, 'The achievement of responsible government 1921–1923’, pp. 355–472
- Hummel . 399–400, 402, 404 &Lee, pp. 231–40
South African Historical Journal
Volume 9, 1977 - Issue 1