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South African Historical Journal Volume 20, 1988 - Issue 1
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ARTICLES/ARTIKELS

Racial Segregation on South African Trains, 1910–1928: Entrenchment and Protest

G. H. PIRIE University of the Witwatersrand,
Pages 75-93 | Published online: 14 Jan 2009

  • Fredrickson , G. M. 1981 . White Supremacy: A Comparative Study in American and South African History 248 – 9 . New York
  • Pirie , G. H. ‘Racial Segregation on Johannesburg Trams, 1904–1927’ (unpublished manuscript);idem. 'Racially Segregated Passenger Transport in Durban: the Formative Years, 1905–1927’, in Journal of Natal and Zulu History (forthcoming)
  • Pirie , G. H. ’ “A Most Difficult and Delicate Question”: Racial Segregation on the Central South African Railways, 1902–1910’, in Journal of Transport History (forthcoming)
  • Central Archives Depot, Pretoria (CAD) . 22 Jan. 1906 . 22 Jan. , GOV 992 (PS 39/06/06), Rev. January to Rev. Phillips,;M. Gandhi, The Grievances of the British Indians in South Africa (Madras, 1896)
  • Union of South Africa . 7 Feb. 1911 . 7 Feb. , House of Assembly Debates:, col. 1018;5 Apr. 1911, col. 2316;7 Apr. 1911, col. 2388
  • SAS 1060 (P7/1/6), Memorandum from General Manager of SAR to Prime Minister, 17 Apr. 1925;House of Assembly Debates: 7 Feb. 1911, col. 1018
  • 7 Apr. 1911 . Ibid. 7 Apr. , col. 2413
  • Archives , Cape . 10 Nov. 1911 . 10 Nov. , 3/KWT (44/1/279/2R/1/5), President and Honorary Secretary, Stutterheim Farmers’ Association, to Secretary, King William's Town Town Council
  • Lodge , Tom . 1987 . “ ‘Political Organizations in Pretoria's African Townships, 1940–63' ” . In Class, Community, and Conflict Edited by: Bozzoli , Belinda . 402 – 403 . Johannesburg SNA 462 (1074/10), Sub Native Commissioner to Native Commissioner, 26 Mar. 1910. Makgatho, a former high school teacher, estate agent and newspaper proprietor in Pretoria's freehold township, Lady Selborne, was also involved in protest about Africans’ being denied use of the city's pavements. He was President of the African National Congress between 1917 and 1924: see in, ed.,;F. Nothling, 'Gekleurdes en Pretoria se Sypaadjies’, Contree 5 (1979): 5–15
  • 5 Mar. 1912 . Rand Daily Mail 5 Mar. ,
  • 8 Feb. 1912 . House of Assembly Debates: 8 Feb. , cols. 175–6;Rand Daily Mail 5 Mar. 1912
  • 1 Apr. 1912 . House of Assembly Debates: 1 Apr. , col. 1576
  • 16 Apr. 1913 . 16 Apr. , SAS 520 (G2/1/30), Chief Magistrate to Secretary for Native Affairs
  • 1 Apr. 1912 . House of Assembly Debates: 1 Apr. , col. 1576
  • SAS 782 (G33/8), Extract from notes of meeting of General Manager with deputation from Diep River Vigilance Association, 3 June 1912
  • July 1912 . July , Copy of letter from Transvaal Agricultural Union to General Manager of SAR, in South African Railway Magazine: 656
  • 26 July 1912 . 26 July , SAS 782 (G33/8), Letter (from Standerton) to Editor, De Volkstem
  • 4 Feb. 1913 . House of Assembly Debates: 4 Feb. , col. 114;1 Apr. 1913, col. 1164;17 Mar. 1914, col. 1291;20 Apr. 1915, col. 1349–50
  • 12 May 1914 . Ibid. 12 May , col. 2415
  • e.g. SAS 782 (G33/8), General Manager, SAR (Cape Town) to Engelberg, 28 Mar. 1912
  • Railways and Harbours Regulation and Control Bill, A.B. 20–1913: clauses 4 (6) and 36 (b)
  • 2 Apr. 1913 . House of Assembly Debates: 2 Apr. , col. 1224
  • Union of South Africa, First Report of the Select Committee on Railways and Harbours (S.C. 11–1913)
  • Railways and Harbours Regulation and Control Bill, A.B. 3–1916: clause 4 (subsection 6) and clause 36 (subsection b)
  • 1968 . In 1915 the member for Boksburg objected to coloured passengers using the same toilets as whites. Burton replied that coloureds had in fact been complaining about whites using ‘their’ toilets: Debates of the House of Assembly of the Union of South Africa, as reported in the Cape Times, vol. 4 (Pretoria, (hereafter Debates: Cape Times), p. 50, col. 2
  • 1916 . Ibid. , 22 Feb. 25, 26
  • 26 Feb. 1916 . Ibid. 26 Feb. ,
  • 14 Mar. 1916 . Ibid. 14 Mar. ,
  • 25 Aug. 1953 . House of Assembly Debates: 25 Aug. , col. 2222
  • 14 Mar. 1916 . Debates: Cape Times 14 Mar. , 29 Apr. 1916. For a proposal to segregate passengers’ platforms and to overturn Burton's amendment, see debates on 28 Apr. and 6 May
  • 14 Mar. 1916 . Ibid. 14 Mar. , House of Assembly Debates: 25 Aug. 1953, col. 2221
  • 14 Mar. 1916 . Debates: Cape Times 14 Mar. , 29 Apr. 1916. Section 4 (6) was passed by 83 votes to 27, and section 36 (b) by 71 to 25
  • 14 Dec. 1917 . 14 Dec. , Government Notice no. 1728, in Supplement to The Union of South Africa Government Gazette
  • SAS 782 (G33/8), General Manager's circular no. G 8724, 18 Dec. 1917
  • SAS 1060 (P7/1/6), Memorandum from General Manager's office for consideration of Burton, 6 June 1927;GG 1354 (39/182–197)
  • Rand Daily Mail 1, 4, 7 and 8 Jan. 1918;Star 3 Jan. 1918
  • GG 1354 (39/184);Rand Daily Mail 7 Jan. 1918
  • Pirie . ‘A Most Difficult and Delicate Question’
  • GG 1354 (39/198), Buxton to Burton, 31 Dec. 1917;Buxton to Secretary of State, 4 Jan. 1918;Burton to Buxton, 8 Jan. 1918
  • Government Notice no. 532, The Union of South Africa Government Gazette, 19 Apr. 1918: 104;Debates: Cape Times 16 Apr. 1918
  • GG 1354 (39/195 and 221);Rand Daily Mail 11 Jan. 1918
  • 8, 10 May and 12 June 1918 . Rand Daily Mail 8, 10 May and 12 June , SAS (33/8), Deputation of Indians to Burton, 11 June 1918
  • GG 1354 (39/230), H.S.L. Polak to Under-Secretary of State, 19 Feb. and 18 Mar. 1918
  • SAS 782 (G33/8), Private Secretary to Chairman, BIA, Sept. 1918;Sir Thomas Watt addressing a BIA deputation, 14 Sept. 1918
  • Union of South Africa . 1917–18 . Report of the General Manager of Railways and Harbours (U.G. 43–1918): 31
  • SAS 1060 (P7/1/6), SAR Special Notice no. 1044, 5 July 1918
  • SAS 782 (G33/8), Transcript of meeting between SAR representative, Mr Berrange, and coloured persons’ deputation, 18 July 1919
  • November 1923 . South African Railways & Harbours Magazine November , p. 1064, item 966;Pretoria News 19 Apr. 1921
  • SAS 782 (G33/8), Assistant Private Secretary, Railways Board, to General Secretary, APO, 7 Aug. 1923;Record of meeting between A. Abdurahman, S. Lepere, W.G. Crowe, Minister of Railways, and Railway Board, 25 Feb. 1924;Secretary of the Railway Board to S. Lepere, 29 Mar. 1924;Assorted ministerial memoranda prepared for meeting with APO, 17 Nov. 1924;SAS 1060(P7/1/6), Memorandum from Hoy, 17 Apr. 1923;notes for and record of meeting between APO, Prime Minister, Minister of Railways, and Railway Board, 17 Apr. 1925;assorted ministerial memoranda prepared for meeting with APO, 15 Apr. 1926
  • SAS 1060 (P7/1/6), Record of meeting between Afrikaanse Naionale Bond, Minister of Railways, and Railway Board, 17 Apr. 1925;assorted ministerial memoranda prepared for meeting with Afrikaanse Nasionale Bond, 14 Apr. 1926
  • SAS 782 (G33/8), Honorary General Secretary, South African Indian Congress, to Private Secretary, Minister of Railways, 19 Jan. 1924;Secretary of the Railway Board to Honorary General Secretary, South African Indian Congress, 11 Mar. 1924
  • SAS 782 (G33/8), Secretary for Native Affairs to Hoy, 20 Oct. 1922;D.D.T. Jabavu to J. W. Jagger, 6 June 1923
  • Union of South Africa . Report of the Select Committee on the Subject of the Union Native Council Bill, Coloured Persons Rights Bill, Representation of Natives in Parliament Bill, and Natives Land (Amendment) Bill (S.C. 10–1927): 271–2, 285
  • SAS 782 (G33/8), Assistant General Manager (Bloemfontein) to General Manager (Johannesburg), 4 July 1923
  • 14 Apr. 1921 . Ibid. 14 Apr. , Hoy to Assistant General Manager
  • SAS 1060 (P7/1/6), Ministerial memorandum prepared for meeting with Afrikaanse Nasionale Bond, 14 Apr. 1926
  • Ibid. Notes for meeting between Prime Minister and APO, 17 Apr. 1925
  • 1924 . Ibid. General Manager to Nasionale Vroue-Party, 29 Oct.;to Secretary, National Party, Bloemfontein, 9 Feb. 1925
  • 1923 . Debates: Cape Times 28 Mar. Munnik's appeal echoed those made in 1919 and 1921 by the members for Pretoria South and Boshof: Cape Times22 Mar. 1919;4 June 1921
  • 12 Feb. 1926 . House of Assembly Debates 12 Feb. , cols. 546–7
  • 1918 . South African Railways v Bharrooche TPD 209
  • SAS 782 (G33/8), Attorney-General to Secretary for Justice, 14 June 1922, re case of R v Hoedemaker;record of summons in a criminal case, Cape Magistrate's Court, 11 Apr. 1922, case no. RCA 172/4/22, R v Petersen.
  • Ibid. Divisional Superintendent (Pretoria) to Assistant General Manager (Johannesburg), 1 and 31 Mar. 1920;memorandum to Rolling Stock and Claims, 30 Mar. 1920, re the case of R v Patel.
  • 24 May 1922 . Debates: Cape Times 24 May ,
  • 1924 . R v Ishmail R v Goodford EDL 305
  • 1926 . R v Gamiet CPD 288
  • SAS 1060 (P7/1/6), Item 3, memorandum for interview of Minister of Railways with APO, 15 Apr. 1926
  • 12 Apr. 1927 . Ibid. 12 Apr. , Assistant General Manager (Cape Town) to General Manager (Cape Town), p. 5
  • Railways and Harbours Acts Amendment Act No. 49 of 1949: sections 2 and 4
  • Donaldson , R. 1981 . 16 – 37 . ‘The Train Apartheid Issue in the Cape Peninsula, 1948–1953’ (unpublished B.A. Honours research essay, University of Cape Town,

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