- This article is a substantially revised version of a paper entitled ‘The Making of the Lala: Ethnicity, Ideology and Class Formation in a Precolonial Context’, which we presented at the History Workshop on ‘Class, Community and Conflict: Local Perspectives’, held at the University of the Witwatersrand in 1984
- The main accounts are N. Isaacs, Travels and Adventures in Eastern Africa, 2 vols (London, 1836, repr. Cape Town, 1936–1937);A. Gardiner, Narrative of a Journey to the Zoolu Country (London, 1836, repr. Cape Town, 1966);H. Fynn, The Diary of Henry Francis Fynn ed. J. Stuart and D. Malcolm (Pietermaritzburg, 1950);G. Champion, Journal of the Rev. George Champion ed. A. Booth (Cape Town, 1967)
- Fynn, Diary, chs 1, 2, and p. 164;Isaacs, Travels vol. 1, 266
- Diary , 3 Fynn, 9, 12, 16, 55, 63, 164;Isaacs, Travels vol. 1, 45, 57, 166, 263;vol. 2, 212;Gardiner, Narrative 1, 24, 39, 101, 163, 407;Champion, Journal 88
- Isaacs, Travels, vol. 1, 150;Fynn, Diary 1, 24, 45;Gardiner, Narrative 78 (as also the title of his book);Champion, Journal 8;W. Bleelc, Zulu Legends (Pretoria, 1952), 34
- A fixed boundary was defined between the Zulu kingdom and the colony of Natal in 1843. The ‘tribes’ of Natal were allocated specific ‘locations’ from the late 1840s onward
- W. Bleek, The Natal Diaries of Dr. W.H.I. Bleek, ed. O. Spohr (Cape Town, 1965), 34;despatch of Lt.-Gov. Scott to Duke of Newcastle, no. 34 of 26 Feb. 1864, repr. in Correspondence Relating to Granting to Natives in Natal of Documentary Titles to Land Natal Legislative Council (Pietermaritzburg, 1890), 56
- Callaway , H. 1870 . The Religious System of the Amazulu 1 – 2 . Springvale repr. Cape Town, 1970,;J. Tyler, Forty Years among the Zulus (Boston and Chicago, 1891, repr. Cape Town, 1971), 181;J. Gibson, The Story of the Zulus (Pietermaritzburg, 1903), 12, 16, 17
- Bryant , A. T. 1905 . “ ‘A Sketch of the Origin and Early History of the Zulu People’ ” . In Zulu-English Dictionary Marianhill in his 12-66;A History of the Zulu and Neighbouring Tribes (Cape Town, 1964), a series of articles first published in the newspaper Izmdaba Zabantu in 1910–1913;Olden Times in Zululand and Natal (London, 1929);The Zulu People (Pietermaritzburg, 1949)
- Bryant, Dictionary, 25-30
- Krige , E. 1936 . The Social System of the Zulus London repr. Pietermaritzburg 1965, 6;M. Gluckman, “The Kingdom of the Zulu of South Africa’, in M. Fortes and E. Evans-Pritchard, eds, African Political Systems (London, 1940), 26–46
- Gluckman , M. April 1960 . “ The Rise of a Zulu Empire’ ” . In Scientific American April , 157 – 168 . M. Wilson, Divine King? and the ‘Breath of Men’ (Cambridge, 1959), 23–24;J. Omer-Cooper, The Zulu Aftermath (London, 1966), chs 1, 2;L. Thompson, ‘Co-operation and Conflict: The Zulu Kingdom and Natal’, in M. Wilson and L. Thompson, eds, The Oxford History of South Africa vol. 1 (London, 1969), 336–45
- H. Slater, ‘Transitions in the Political Economy of South-East Africa before 1840’ (D. Phil thesis, University of Sussex, 1976)
- Ibid. chs 9, 10
- Ibid. 298
- D.W. Hedges, ‘Trade and Politics in Southern Mozambique and Zululand in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries’ (Ph.D. thesis, University of London, 1978)
- Ibid 21 – 22 .
- Ibid 21
- Ibid. 198
- Ibid , 9 200
- Ibid, “Iffl-im. The quotation is from p. 209
- Bonner , P. 1983 . Kings, Commoners and Concessionaires: The Evolution and Dissolution of the Nineteenth-Century Swan State 21 – 23 . Johannesburg
- Ibid 14ff. The quotation is from p. 23
- See note 1
- Hedges, ‘Trade and Polities’, ii;and also 198
- W.D. Hammond-Tooke, ‘In Search of the Lineage: The Cape Nguni Case’, Man, 19 (1984), 77–93;W.D. Hammond-Tooke, ‘Descent Groups, Chiefdoms and South African Historiography’, Journal of Southern African Studies 11, 2 (April 1985), 305–19;W.D. Hammond-Tooke, ‘Who Worships Whom: Agnates and Ancestors among Nguni’, African Studies 44, 1 (1985), 47–64. Our thanks go to David Hammond-Tooke for useful discussion with us on some of the points raised here. Map illustrating the location of chiefdoms mentioned in the text. In the late 1810s and 1820s the Zulu under Shaka established direct domination over the region between the Thukela and the Black Mfolozi. Beyond these territories lay an ill-defined area in which they exercised indirect domination
- C.A. Hamilton, ‘Ideology, Oral Traditions and the Struggle for Power in the Early Zulu Kingdom’ (M.A. thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, 1986), 112–31, 155–61. Before the later eighteenth century, conflicts between groups of chiefdoms were probably a frequent occurrence, but were not necessarily a permanent feature of the scene. Ethnicity should therefore not be seen as a permanent feature of social consciousness in these polities;rather, we would conceive of it as something latent, which tended to become salient in times of political
- Hedges, ‘Trade and Polities’, chs 6, 7;Hamilton, ‘Ideology’, ch. 2
- These points are discussed in Hamilton, ‘Ideology’, 358–63;and in ch. 6 of the doctoral thesis which John Wright is currently completing
- Hamilton, ‘Ideology’, 466–9
- Ibid. 469 – 72 .
- Olden Times , 7 232 – 5 . Bryant
- Hamilton, ‘Ideology’, 268, 285, 468, 469, 478, 479
- Bryant, Dictionary, 26
- Bryant, History of the Zulu, 127
- C. de B. Webb and J. B. Wright, eds, The James Stuart Archive of Recorded Oral Evidence Relating to the History of the Zulu and Neighbouring Peoples (hereafter JSA) (Pietermaritzburg and Durban, 4 vols, 1976–1986), vol. 2, 55, evidence of Madikane
- Ibid vol. 4, 14, evidence of Mqayikana
- Ibid vol. 1, 318, 342, evidence of Lunguza;Bryant, Dictionary 346
- JSA vol. 2, 233, evidence of Maquza;Bryant, Zulu People 385, 389;Krige, Social System 247
- Hedges, ‘Trade and Polities’, 88
- Ibid See also P. Harries, ‘Slavery, Social Incorporation and Surplus Extraction: The Nature of Free and Unfree Labour in South-East Africa’, Journal of African History, 22 (1981), 319
- Stow , G. 1905 . The Native Races of South Africa 425 London
- Ibid 425 – 7 .
- Molema , S. 1920 . The Bantu Past and Present Edinburgh 36, 37
- JSA vol. 1, 107, 118, evidence of Dinya;vol. 2, 54, evidence of Madikane;69, evidence of Mageza;vol. 3, 53, evidence of Mcotoyi;75, evidence of Melapi
- JSA vol. 1, 118, evidence of Dinya;vol. 3, 158, evidence of Mkando
- JSA vol. 2, 55, evidence of Madikane
- Fynn, Diary, 60
- Allen , I. L. 1983 . The Language of Ethnic Conflict 15 New York
- J. Colenso, Zulu-English Dictionary, fourth ed. (Pietermaritzburg, 1905), 431;Bryant, Dictionary 462, 469
- ISA vol. 1, 118, evidence of Dinya;vol. 2, 55, evidence of Madikane
- Hamilton, ‘Ideology’, 475–6
- Vail , L. , ed. 1989 . The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa 10 – 15 . London, Berkeley and Los Angeles ed.
- Ibid. 11
- Ibid , 11 13
- Ibid. 11 –12.See also B. Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London, 1983), 30–49 and ch. 7
South African Historical Journal
Volume 22, 1990 - Issue 1