- Cobbing , J. 1988 . ‘The Mfecane as Alibi: Thoughts on Dithakong and Mbolompo’ . Journal of African History , 29 : 3 – 519 . 487
- Omer-Cooper , J. 1966 . The Zulu Aftermath London R. Kent Rasmussen, Migrant Kingdom: Mzilikazi's Ndebele in South Africa (London, 1978)
- Peires , J. B. 1981 . “ ed ” . In Before and After Shaka: Papers in Nguni History Grahamstown 1;E. Walker, The Great Trek (London, 1938), ix
- C.W. de Kiewiet is the most notable exception
- Grundlingh , A. “ Politics, Principles and Problems of a Profession: Afrikaner Historians and their Discipline, c. 1920–1965 ” . Perspectives in Education, 12 (1990), 1–19
- See , K . 1988 . The Changing Past: Trends in South African Historical Writing 73 Athens, Ohio Smith's discussion in See also A Grundlingh on the influence of H.B. Thorn of Stellenbosch, in ‘Politics, Principles and Problems’
- Heymans , R. 1986 . The Voortrekker Monument, Pretoria Pretoria
- Webb , B. 1899 . “ writing in ” . In Fabian News 188 (10 Oct.)
- Brookes , E. 1968 . Apartheid: A Documentary Study of Modem South Africa London xx
- Macmillan , W. M. 1929 . Bantu, Boer and Briton: The Making of the South African Native Problem 25 London
- de Kiewiet , C. W. 1941 . History of South Africa, Social and Economic Oxford y4 58: ‘In one sense the Great Trek was the eighteenth century fleeing before its more material, more active, and better organized successor’
- Walker , E. 1934 . “ 77ie ” . In Great Trek 48 – 9 . London my italics
- Ibid 67 Walker's invocation of ‘the forces of regular government’ is quite close to Jeff Peires's much more recent emphasis on ‘the revolution in government’ which British rule brought to the Cape. See his article in R. Elphick and H. Giliomee, eds, The Shaping of South African Society, 1652–1840 (Cape Town, 1989)
- Ransford , O. 1974 . The Great Trek 13 London
- Ibid., 16
- Ibid., 16,17, my italics
- Ibid, 18,19
- Ibid, 20
- Ibid. , 21 my italics
- du Toit , A. “ No Chosen People: The Myth of the Calvinist Origins of Afrikaner Nationalism and Racial Ideology ” . American Historical Review, 88 (1983), 920–52;A. du Toit and H. Giliomee, Afrikaner Political ThoutfU: Analysis and Documents 2 vols. (Berkeley, 1983). See also Smith, The Changing Past 96–98
- Similar problems were faced and solved by equally suspect devices. The Quebecois are mythologized as woodsmen in a fashion similar to the Afrikaners. Alternative methods naturalized ihepieds noirs settlers of Algeria and the Australian colonists. Daniel Boorstin and others have pointed to the way in which a fictive ‘true American’, supposedly in existence by the time of the Revolution, challenged later ‘unnatural’ European migrants in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. I would also like to emphasize that I accept that people who made homes for themselves on and beyond the frontier had to adapt to local realities. In one sense the trekboers were indeed ‘Africanized’. The point I am making is that nationalist narratives ascribe a single set of characteristics to the founding sons of the soil which are then ascribed to their ‘descendants’
- Peter Novick, in the unpublished paper ‘Why Dan Quayle was Right’, presented to the Humanities Research Centre of the Australian National University, July 1991, has traced the way American Jews managed to assimilate the experience of the holocaust even though their nation had fought against Hitler
- Grundlingh , A. M. 1979 . Die ‘Hendsoppers’ en ‘Joiners’: Die Rasionaal en Verslcynsel van Verraad Cape Town On the Afrikaner collaborators see
- Grundlingh , A. and Sapire , H. “ From Feverish Festival to Repetitive Ritual? The Changing Fortunes of Great Trek Mythology in an Industrializing South Africa, 1938–1988 ” . South African Historical Journal, 21 (1989), 24–5
- Volkskapitalisme, a book with the subtitle, Class, Capital and Ideology in the Development of Afrikaner Nationalism, 1934–1948 As an example, Dan O'Meara managed to write, with only a couple of small references to the Great Trek (see pp. 71, 76). In John Pampallis's Foundations of the New South Africa (London, 1991), the Great Trek gets two sentences on page 38
- In ‘The Frontier Tradition in South African Historiography’, Collected Seminar Papers on the Societies of Southern Africa in the 19th and 20th Centuries, 2 (London, Institute of Commonwealth Studies, 1971), 1–33. In 1985 John Omer-Cooper protested against the abandonment of frontier studies as aids to the understanding of twentieth-century segregation in “The South African Frontier Revisited’, unpublished paper presented at the 1985 conference of the African Studies Association of Australasia and the Pacific (available from African Studies Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne)
- ‘The British and the Cape 1814–1834’, in Elphick and Giliomee, Shaping, esp. 472, 480, 499, 511
- ibid. ‘The Eastern Frontier, 1770–1812’ in, 450.Neumark's ideas appear in Economic Influences on the South African Frontier (Stanford, 1957)
- Concluding paragraph of Elphick and Giliomee, Shaping, 560–1
- van , F. A. 1971 . “ Jaarsveld ” . In Van Van Riebeeck tot Verwoerd, 1652–1966 114 – 5 . Johannesburg A similar use of the mfecane is made by C.FJ. Muller in Die Oorsprong van die Groot Trek (Johannesburg, 1974), in which the mfecane becomes one more factor disturbing the ‘security’ of white frontier farmers on the Cape eastern frontier see especially pp. 94–104
- Smith, The Changing Past, 90–2
- Carr , E. H. 1961 . What is History? 12 London
- Quoted in Smith, The Changing Past, 71
- He is not alone in this; African historians have been dumping mode of production analysis in increasing numbers since the early 1980s. See the special issue devoted to the question by the Canadian Journal of African Studies 19,1 (1985). See also my discussion of Before and After Shaka in the Journal of Southern African Studies 3 (1984), 157–61
- Figures 8.4 and 8.2 in Elphick and Giliomee, Shaping.
- van , P. J. 1937 . “ der Merwe ” . In Die Noordwaanse Beweging van die Boere voor die Groot Trek 1770–1842 The Hague (See the discussion of this point in Smith, The Changing Past 76–77
- Keegan , T. 1988 . ‘The Making of the Orange Free State, 1846–54: Sub-Imperialism, Primitive Accumulation and State Formation’ . Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History , 17 : 1 – 8 . 26
- Ross , R. 1976 . Adam Kok's Griquas: A Study in the Development of Stratification in South Africa 134 Cambridge
- Quoted by Peires in Elphick and Giliomee, Shaping, 508. See also Macmillan, Bantu, Boer and Briton, 172: ‘The presence of the Griquas helps in part to explain why it was that from the very beginning the mass of the trekkers moved so far away, instead of planting their secession states on the reputedly “empty” land immediately adjoining the parent Colony’
- Quoted in Ransford, The Great Trek, 99
- See, for example, J. Boeyens, ‘“Zwart Ivoor”: Inboekelinge in Zoutpansberg, 1848–1869’, Suid-Afrikaanse Historiese Joemaal, 24 (1991), 31–66
- Du Toit and Giliomee, Afrikaner Political Thought, 213
- Streak , M. 1974 . The Afrikaner as Viewed by the English 1795–1854 158 Cape Town
- Peires, eager to make his point about the ‘revolution in government’ brought by the British, de-emphasizes Retiefs land speculations in order to point up the way he carried on into the nineteenth century manipulations of government characteristic of the VOC past. See Elphick and Giliomee, Shaping, 508–10
- Elphick and Giliomee, Shaping, 504
- Walker, 77k Great Trek, 154
- Ibid, 248
- Ibid, 220
- Ibid., 249
- Ibid., 247
- 1983 . The Land Belong? to Us London The work of Peter Delius on the relationship of the Pedi polity to the Transvaal government is especially revealing. See
- This is true even of De Kiewiet, who noticed in A History of South Africa, p. 57, that ‘between the exodus of the Boers and other colonizing movements in the nineteenth century similarities are easily discerned’. Nonetheless, he too insisted that the ‘Boers moved inland not to found a new society and to win new wealth…theirs was not the aggressive movement of a people braving the wilderness for the profit that it would bring their purses, or the education that it would give their children’ (pp. 58–9)
- Wright , J. “ Political Mythology and the Making of Natal ” . s Mfecane’, Canadian Journal of African Studies, 23 (1989), 272–91
- Macmillan, Bantu, Boer and Briton, 235n
- Archives of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, Houghton Library, Harvard University, D. Lindley to Rufus Anderson, 27 March 1838, folio 15.4, vol. 2
- Afrikaner Political Thought , 228 284 Du Toit and Giliomee
South African Historical Journal
Volume 25, 1991 - Issue 1