- Soga , J. H. 1931 . The Ama-Xosa: Life and Customs 122 Lovedale The Thembu chief Joyi, quoted in
- Peires , J. B. 1989 . The Dead Will Arise: Nongqawuse and the Great Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement of 1856–57 Johannesburg (hereafter referred to as Dead
- Peires . Dead 220 Thirty years after the event, Brownlee, the colonial official with Sandile wrote: ‘All [who took part] assert that the cattle-killing was made in a full belief in the predictions of Umhlakaza.’ C. Brownlee, Reminiscences of Kafir Life and History (Grahamstown, 1906), 142
- Peires , J. 1981 . The House ofPhalo: A History of the Xhosa People in the Days of their Independence 71 Johannesburg (‘internal and external pressures fused the Christian, traditional and personal elements in Nxele's religious thinking into a comprehensive cosmological synthesis.’
- Peires . Dead 30 ff., shows that the Xhosa doctor Mhlakaza, alias Wilhelm Ooliath, uncle of Nongqawuse, was the first Xhosa to become a confirmed Anglican and was employed as a servant and guide by Archdeacon Merriman between June 1949 and October 1850
- Peires . Dead 122 Emphasis added
- Marx , K. and Engels , F. 1977 . The German Ideology 64 London “The ruling ideas are nothing more than the ideal expression of the dominant material relationships…grasped as ideas”.
- Peires . Dead 134 Emphasis added
- Marx , K. 1974 . Wage Labour and Capital 28 Moscow Marx pointed to the need to situate all elements of explanation in their relational context: ‘A Negro is a Negro. He only becomes a slave in certain relations. A cotton-spinning jenny is a machine for spinning cotton. It becomes capital only in certain relations. Torn from these relations it is no more capital than gold in itself is money or sugar the price of sugar.’
- Guy , J. 1987 . ‘Analysing Pre-Capitalist Societies in Southern Africa’ . Journal of Southern African Studies , 14 ( 1 ) Oct. : 22
- Meillassoux , C. 1983 . ‘The Economic Bases of Demographic Reproduction: From the Domestic Mode of Production to Wage Earning’ . Journal of Peasant Studies , 11 ( 1 ) Oct. : 51
- Lewis , J. 1984 . ‘An Economic History of the Ciskei 1848–1900’ University of Cape Town . For a full discussion of the constitution of the Xhosa homesteads see (PhD thesis
- Morgan , N. Sep. 1836 . “ ‘The Amakosae’ ” . In South African Quarterly Journal Sep. , 12
- Lewis , J. Oct. 1989 . ‘Class and Gender in Precapitalist Societies: A Consideration of the 1848 Census of the Xhosa’ Oct. , Institute of Commonwealth Studies . Cape Archives (hereafter CA), Colonial Office (hereafter CO), 6155, Census of the Gaika and Tsalmbie District 1848. For a full discussion of this see (Seminar Paper
- Soga . The Ama-Xosa 208 ff.Although men were also meant to Monipa their mothers-in–law the burden clearly fell more heavily on the women as they married into the husband's homestead
- Meillassoux . ‘Demographic Reproduction’ 54
- Maclean , J. 1968 . A Compendium of Kafir Laws and Customs Pretoria (Revd H.H. Dugmore's Papers, 28
- In his otherwise excellent analysis Jeff Guy maintains that all married men formed part of the dominant class. This overlooks the extent of differentiation between married men and leads to the unsustainable conclusion that the main site of class struggle was within the family itself.See Guy, ‘Pre-Capitalist Societies’, 25
- South African Museum, Sir Andrew Smith Papers, ‘Kaffir Notes 1824–25’, W. Shaw's reply to Smith's questionnaire
- Peires . The House ofPhalo 82
- Peires . Dead 174 Emphasis added
- Mara , K. 1976 . Gntndrisse 256 Harmondsworth
- Brownlee , C. and Maclean , J. 15 Aug. 1853 . 15 Aug. , CA, British Kaffraria (hereafter BK) 1
- Ibid
- CA, Government House (hereafter GH) 8/25, R. Niven to Maclean, Jan. 1854
- Ibid
- CA, CO 48/365, Speech to Parliament, Sir George Grey to Secretary of State for Colonies, 17 Mar. 1855
- CA, BK 415, Maclean to Sir George Clerk, 17 Mar. 1855;CA, GH 8/27, Brownlee to Maclean, 27 Sep. 1855
- CA, GH 8/28, Brownlee to Maclean, 11 May 1856
- CA, GH 8/26, Brownlee to Maclean, May 1855
- CA, GH 8/27, Brownlee to Maclean, 10 Nov. 1855
- CA, GH 8/26, Brownlee to Maclean, May 1855
- CA, GH 8/27, Brownlee to Maclean, 10 Nov. 1855
- CA, GH 8/27, Maclean to Clerk, Jan. 1855
- CA, GH 8/28, Treasury Office to Maclean, 5 Jan. 1856
- CA, CCP 4/1 A/1 (Native Affaire 1849–1862), Brownlee to Maclean, 11 Dec. 1855
- Liddle , W. 28 July 1855 . 28 July , CA, GH 8/23, Maclean to
- CA, BK 10, Maclean to Liddle, 2 June 1855;CA, GH 8/31, Maclean to Grey, 20 Mar. 1857
- CA, BK 1, Brownlee to Maclean, 24 Mar. 1853;CA, BK 371, Maclean to Liddle, 26 Mar. 1853
- CA, BK 10, Brownlee to Maclean, 15 Nov. 1855
- 1857 . Correspondence of Sir George Grey to Secretary of State for Colonies London Sir George Grey,(Brownlee to Maclean, 6 Dec. 1855
- Ibid., Maclean to Liddle, 12 Dec. 1855
- CA, GH 8/28, Brownlee to Maclean, 11 May 1856
- CA, GH 8/28, Maqoma to Maclean, 21 Jan. 1856
- CA, GH 8/29, vol. II Brownlee to Maclean, 17 Oct. 1855
- CA, GH 8,28, Maclean to Brownlee, 17 Feb. 1856
- CA, BK 82, J. Ayliff to Maclean, 22 Apr. 1856
- CA, GH 8/28, J. Gawler to Maclean, 28 Apr. 1856
- This was revealed by the 1848 Xhosa census in which many large homesteads enumerated in Ndlambe territory gave Sarhili as their chief
- CA, GH 8/28, Brownlee to Maclean, 11 May 1856
- Rutherford , J. 1961 . Sir George Grey 1822–1898: A Study in Colonial Government 365 London
- Cape Frontier Times, 2 Dec. 1857
- CA, GH 8/28, Gawler to Maclean, 13 May 1856
- CA, GH 8/29, Maclean to Grey, 17 July 1856
- CA, BK 71, Brownlee to Maclean, 12 Dec. 1856
- VA, GH 8/29, vol. II Brownlee to Maclean, 1 Jury 1856
- CA, GH 8/29, vol. II Gawler to Maclean, 14 July 1856
- The Ama-Xosa 122 Soga
- CA, GH 8/29, vol. II H. Lucas to Maclean, Aug. 1856
- CA, GH 8/29, vol. II Brownlee lo Maclean, 9 Aug. 1856
- Ibid
- CA, GH 8/29, vol. II Gawler to Maclean, 30 Aug. 1856
- CA, GH 8/31, Brownlee to Maclean, 4 Jan. 1857
- CA, BK 89, Information received by Maclean, 10 Aug. 1856;CA, BK 10, Calderwood to Maclean, 2 Aug. 1856
- CA, GH 8/29, vol. II Brownlee to Maclean, 22 Aug. 1856
- CA, GH 8/29, vol. II Brownlee to Maclean, 19 Oct. 1856
- Ibid
- CA, BK 82, Lucas to Maclean, 26 Oct. 1856. In Lucas's opinion the whole movement was a form of passive resistance to get more land
- CA, BK 89, Information received by Maclean, 22 Oct. 1856
- CA, GH 8/31, Lucas to Maclean, 29 Jan. 1857
- CA, GH 8/29, vol. II Brownlee to Maclean, 2 Sep. 1856
- CA, GH 8/31, Brownlee to Maclean, 15 Jan. 1857
- CA, GH 8/27, Gawler to Maclean, 8 and 19 Oct. 1856
- CA, GH 8/29, Bawler to Maclean, 7 Oct. 1856
- Ibid
- CA, GH 8/29, Gawler to Maclean, 14 Aug. 1856
- Rubusana , W. B. 1973 . “ ‘Zenk iinkomo Magwalandini’ ” . In Towards an African Literature Edited by: Jordan , A. C. 74 Berkeley Quoted in in
- Abandonment by Sarhili and the Xhosa, that is. As late as 1858 new bouts of Cattle-Killing explicitly associated with belief in Nongqawuse's prophecies occurred amongst the Thembu and others
- CA, GH 8/29, Maclean to Grey, 27 Oct. 1856
- CA, GH 8/31, Brownlee to Maclean, 4 Jan. 1857
- CA, GH 8/29, Reeve to Maclean, 15 Oct. 1856
- CA, GH 8/30, Marginal note by Maclean, Gawler to Maclean, 3 Nov. 1856
- CA, GH 8/30, Gawler to Maclean, 17 Nov. 1856
- CA, GH 8/31, H. Vigne to Maclean, 1 Feb. 1857
- Ibid
- CA, GH 31, Brownlee to Maclean, 25 Jan. 1857
- Dead 179 Peires observes that in Sandile's chiefdom the ‘unbeliever’ faction depended on the sons of councillors of Ngqika, by then all over 50, who “were inheritors of wealth accumulated independently of the chief. See also the case of Gqirana, ibid 209, and Gxabagxaba, ibid, 279
- CA, GH 8/31, Brownlee to Maclean, 25 Jan. 1857
South African Historical Journal
Volume 25, 1991 - Issue 1