- See G. Dominy, ‘Access to State Archives Improves: Whereto Now?’, South African Historical Journal, 25 (Nov. 1991), 354–5
- After 1948 the term ‘Malanazis’ was coined in leftist political circles in South Africa to draw attention to alleged links between the followers of D.F. Malan, the leader of the ‘Reunited National Party’, and national socialists
- Backeberg , H. E. W. Archives Year Book for South African History , 12 For a detailed account of German-South African relations in the late nineteenth century, see, ‘Die Betrekkinge tussen die Suid-Afrikaanse Republiek en Duitsland tot na die Jameson-Inval (1852–1896)’, 1 (Pretoria, 1949), 1–301
- The fact that Pirow was of German descent was repeatedly stressed in German official documents during the Nazi era. In the German region Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, there still is a small village named Pirow
- van der Merwe , W. 1982 . Die Geskiedenis van die Afrikaans- en Suid-Afrikaans-Duitse Kultuurvereniging 1932–1982. Die Geschichte der Afrikaans- und Südafrikanisch-Deutschen Kulturvereinigung 1932–1982 Pretoria For a brief history of the ADK see
- Van der Merwe, Kultuurvereniging, 121–6
- Jacobsen , A. 1968 . Nationalsozialistische Aussenpolitik 1933–1938 662 – 5 . Frankfurt After 1933 about 330 Germans in South Africa (or every sixth German living in the Union) were formal members of the party. See H-
- Van der Merwe . Kultuurvereniging 125
- After 1945 W. Schmidt published a number of books in German on various African countries. He then dropped ‘Pretoria’ from his name
- 1938 . Der Kulturanteil des Deutschums am Aufbau des Burenvolkes Hannover See, for example, Schmidt's main work: Schmidt had dedicated this book to E-W. Bohle, ‘my Gauleiter, head of the Auslands-Organisation in the Foreign Ministry, as the guarantor of Germandom living abroad and rooted in the “Third Reich”’
- Schmidt served in the rank of a SS-Untersturmführer in the Reichssicherheitshauptamt. Berlin Document Center (hereafter BDC), personal file W. Schmidt-Pretoria
- 1943 . Deutschlands kolonialer Ehrenschild: Kartenspiegel deutscher Kolonialarbeit 67 Berlin Schmidt-Pretoria
- Schmidt-Pretoria, ‘Vom blutmä[btilde]igen Einflu[btilde] des Deutschtums auf die Burennation’, Auslandsdeutsche Volksforschung, 1 (1937), 163
- Schmidt-Pretoria, ‘Familienbeziehungen zwischen Goethe, Schiller und Lessing und dem Burenvolke’, Der Auslandsdeutsche, 20 (1937), 418
- Sparks , A. 1991 . The Mind of South Africa: The Story of the Rise and Fall of Apartheid 163 London Dürckeim-Montmartin has recently been mentioned in
- Dürckheim's report itself is missing. He told the author in 1985 about the existence of the report but was unable to furnish a copy. Various libraries and archives in South Africa possess a leaflet compiled during the Second World War by Smuts's ‘Union Unity Truth Service’ with the title Die Dürckheim-Rapport: Beoogde Anneksasie (Johannesburg). This leaflet contains extracts from the original report which was probably handed to the Smuts government at the outbreak of war by the former German consul in Durban, Count Otto von Strahl. The longest quotations from the report, however, are to be found in the respective files of the Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amtes, Bonn (hereafter PA). See PA, Pol III Südafrika, Politik 26, Bd. 1, VI S 2611, notes on the report by Roediger of 19 March 1935; PA, Pol III Südafrika, Politik 25, Bd. 1, Anlage 2 zu VI S 2611, notes by Böhme of 7 March 1935; PA, Pol III Südafrika, Politik 25, Bd. 1, No. 1355/372, comment by E. Wiehl of 15 May 1935. These papers frequently refer to page numbers of the original report so that it must have comprised at least 130 pages. Documents on Dürckheim in South Africa at the University of Natal, Durban, Killie Campbell Africana Library, E.G. Malherbe Collection
- PA, Böhme, Anlage 2
- PA, Wiehl, No. 1355/372
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
- Report of Wiehl to Foreign Ministry, Berlin, on a conversation he had with an unnamed South African civil servant: PA, Pol X, Politik 2, Bd. 1, E 510007–9 of 8 July 1936
- Hagemann, Südafrika, 124
- However, the leading South African politician Pirow tried to point out after the defeat of the ‘Third Reich’ in 1945 that his fascist leanings had always been orientated more to Portugal than to Nazi Germany. See his articles in the journal Nuwe Orde.
- Telegramm No. Kap 26 of the German Legation in Cape Town of 22 April 1936 to Foreign Ministry, and report of 23 April 1936 No. Kap 237/209: PA, Pol. Abt. III Südafrika, Politik 6, Bd. 1
- van Rensburg , H. 1956 . Their Paths Crossed Mine: Memoirs of the Commandant-General of the Ossewabrandwag Johannesburg Van Rensburg did not mention this request in his memoirs
- Telegram No. 25 of Foreign Ministry to German Legation of 29 April 1936: PA, Pol. Abt. III Südafrika, Politik 6, Bd. 1
- Letter of B. Stiller, leader of NSDAP in the Union, to Foreign Ministry, 5 August 1937: PA, Pol X, Politik 19, Bd. 1, 241259/2
- Kum'a , A. 1980 . “ N'dumbe III. See, for example, his ” . In Hitler voulait l'Afrique Paris The first historian to analyse this problem sytematically was
- Spahn , J. “ Der Rassegedanke marschiert: Südafrikanische Gesetzentwürfe zur Bekämpfung der Rassenmischung ” . RAK, 2 (Feb. 1940), 3–4
- Spahn, ‘Rassegedanke’, 4
- RAK, 4 (Apr. 1938), 4–6
- The widely read newspaper Völkischer Beobachter only paid attention to South Africa in late 1938 when Minister Pirow visited Germany
- See, for example, those periodicals which featured topics related to the so-called colonial question: Afrika-Nachrichten. Der Auslandsdeutsche. Other journals worth mentioning were: Deutsche Afrika-Post, Deutsche Kolonialzeitung, Koloniale Rundschau and Deutschtum im Ausland.
- Afrika-Rundschau, 2 (1936), 247
- Drascher , W. “ Der farbige Mischling ” . Medizinische Welt, 12 (1938), 1324–6
- Drascher, ‘Mischling’, 1325
- Drascher , W. ‘Zur Rassenfrage in der Südafrikanischen Union, Zeitschrift für Geopolitik, 15 (1938), 13–18
- Dietzel , K. H. “ Segregationspolitik und Rassenrecht in der Südafrikanischen Union ” . (confidential), report dated 2 June 1939: Bundesarchiv Koblenz (hereafter BA), R 22/2365, 133–53. See also Kum'a N'dumbe III, Hitler, 245–50
- Hagemann, Südafrika, 122
- Article by Wiehl, ‘Wirtschaftsbeziehungen zwischen der Union von Südafrika und Deutschland’, Die Union von Südafrika, Sonderheft 12b der Zeitschrift Europäische Revue (1936), 1046
- Mühlhoff , H. 1940 . Grundlagen und Problematik der Deutsch-Südafrikanischen Handelsbeziehungen unter dem Gegenseitigkeitsprizip 78 Hamburg The annual value of the bilateral trade rose from £2 860 000 in 1935 to £6 745 000 in 1938/39. See Mühlhoff, Grundlagen, 86–7
- Wiehl, ‘Wirtschaftsbeziehungen’, 1050
- Letter of Consul Bielfeld to Foreign Ministry of 6 May 1933: PA, Handakten Clodius, Bd. 2, MOO 5489
- PA, Bielfeld to Foreign Ministry, MOO 5489
- Report of Wiehl to Foreign Ministry with attached text of circular drafted by Secretary Bodenstein on behalf of Hertzog (in English): PA, Presseabteilung, Südafrikanische Union, Presse Bd. 2, MOO 5466–73. Following a note by a leading diplomat in the Foreign Ministry it was Wiehl himself who had inspired Hertzog to send this circular: PA, note by Legationsrat Dreschler, Presseabteilung, MOO 5466–73
- Hagemann, Südafrika, 143
- Letter of Consul Brehmer to A.J. Bosman, Secretary to South Africa's Minister for Trade and Industry of 13 June 1933: Government Archives, Pretoria, Central Archives Depot (hereafter CAD), Handel en Nywerheid (HEN), 4175, 749/4
- Letter of Wiehl to Dieckhoff of Foreign Ministry of 18 Sep. 1933: PA, Geheimakten Südafrika 1, 2 Bd. 2, E 461927–33
- Government Archives, Windhoek (hereafter GA), collection A 221, file 189 (undated)
- Hagemann, Südafrika, 149
- Letter of delegation member von Vodenhausen to Reichardt, head of Deutscher Werberat, of 23 Oct. 1934: PA, Handakten Clodius, Südafrika, Bd. 2
- Legationsrat Ulrich of Foreign Ministry to Wiehl of 12 Nov. 1934 (strictly confidential): PA, Handakten Clodius, Bd. 2
- See the private letter of Pirow to Consul Brehmer of early 1934 in which Pirow praised Hitler even more than Mussolini, and argued that national socialism and the idea of ‘white supremacy’ would give Western civilization another 500 or 1 000 years. The letter was handed to Dr. Lammers of the Reichskanzlei by Brehmer without Pirow's knowledge: BA, R 43 I/43, L 520645
- McCormack , R. L. “ Man with a Mission: Oswald Pirow and South African Airways, 1933–1939 ” . Journal of African History, 20 (1979), 543–57
- Hagemann, Südafrika, 148–56
- Report Kap No. 162/141 of German Legation, Cape Town of 26 Mar. 1936: PA, Hapol IIb, Rohstoffe und Waren: Wolle, Bd. 1
- Letter of Secretary Bodenstein to South African Legation, Berlin, of 25 Nov. 1936: CAD, HEN, 4179, 749/13, P.M. 49/1
- Bennett , B. 1936 . Report of South West Africa Commission Pretoria Excerpts from NSDAP files were published in(and reprinted inHitler over Africa (London, 1939)
- Letter of Grothe (Hamburg) to Schröder (Windhoek) of 31 Oct. 1931: GA, A 221, file 187, NSDAP Südwestafrika, Gauleitung
- McCormack, ‘Man with a Mission, 556–7
- Ibid., 554
- Pirow , O. “ Wie weit reicht die interessensphäre der Union in Afrika? ” . Die Union von Südafrika, Sonderheft 12b der Europäischen Revue, 1003–12. Only after this publication in German were Pirow's ideas also published in English: ‘How Far is the Union Interested in the Continent of Africa?’, Journal of the Royal African Society, 36 (1937), 317–20
- Pirow . ‘Interessensphäre’, 1010. For further information . Südafrika , 211 see Hagemann, footnote 39
- Pirow, ‘Interessensphäre’, 1009–12
- Staatsarchiv Bremen, 4.49-IIa 5b 17c, Tagebuch Nr. 2616, 2966
- Hagemann . Südafrika 177
- Asante , S. K. B. 1976 . ‘South Africa and the Italo-Ethiopian Crisis, 1935–1936’ . Ghana Social Sciences Journal , : 3 – 53 . For South Africa and the Abyssinian crisis, see, 47
- Wiehl to Dieckhoff of 17 May 1936: Akten zur deutschen auswärtigen Politik (hereafter ADAP), Serie C, Bd. V, 1, No. 333, 516
- Report of Wiehl on his first conversation with Hertzog of 18 July 1933: PA, Pol. Abt. III Südafrika, Politik 2, Bd. 2, MOO 5420–4
- Henke , J. 1978 . “ ‘Hitler's England-Konzeption-Formulierung und Realisierungsversuche’ ” . In Hitler, Deutschland und die Mächte Edited by: Funke , M. 592 Düsseldorf in, ed.
- Wiehl had reported on information he had received from Hertzog's secretary Bodenstein: ADAP, Serie C, Bd. V, No. 127, 154–5
- The term ‘cultivate’ is taken from W.R. Kienzle, ‘German Policy towards the Union of South Africa, 1933–1939’ (PhD thesis, Pennsylvania State University, 1974), 17
- BDC, file R. Leitner
- Leitner (in contrast to Wiehl) frequently reported cynically on the Afrikaner section of white South Africa. See, for example, his report to the Foreign Ministry of 28 Feb. 1938 in which he outlined prospects for the return of South West Africa to the Reich: PA, Pol X, Politik 1, Bd. 1, Bl. 10–21
- Watt , D. C. 1967 . Studies in International History Edited by: Bourne , K. and Watt , D. C. 402 – 22 . Hamden, Conn. For Pirow's visit to Europe in 1938, see, ‘South Africa's Attempts to Mediate between Britain and Germany 1935–1938’, in, eds,. See also Pirow's own version written in German after the war: ‘War der Zweite Weltkrieg Unvermeidbar?’, Nation Europa, 1 (1952), 10–16
- Hagemann . Südafrika 219 – 339 .
- Ibid., 287–9
- Roberts , M. and Trollip , A. E. G. 1947 . The South African Opposition, 1939–1945 Cape Town A detailed account of these quarrels can be found in
- Hagemann . Südafrika 338 – 9 . Illuminating source material of Germany and South Africa during the war is contained in the collection of the former minister Harry G. Lawrence in the Jagger Library, University of Cape Town. Print-outs of the telegrams from Lourenço Marques to Berlin are now available in South Africa at the Ferdinand Postma Library, Ossewa-Brandwag Collection, Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education. These print-outs are copies from files at the PA, Bonn
- 1945 . As Duitsland Sterf, Sterf die Mensheid Pretoria See, for example, the title of the book by J. Schoeman
- van den Berghe , P. L. 1967 . South Africa: A Study in Conflict Berkeley Some scholarly studies which deal with this topic areS.E. Mzimela, Apartheid: South African Nazism (New York, 1983);F.J. van Heerden, ‘Nasionaal-Sosialisme as Faktor in die Suid-Afrikaanse Politiek, 1933–1948’ (DPhil thesis, University of the Orange Free State, 1972);J.C. Moll, Fascisme: Die Problematiek van Verklaringsvariante (Bloemfontein, 1985);H. Simson, The Social Origins of Afrikaner Fascism and its Apartheid Policy (Uppsala, 1980)
- The considerable number of records and files available at the PA and the BA which deal with German-South African relations during the Nazi era makes it quite clear that the NSDAP and government authorities knew almost nothing about the Broederbond until a few months before the outbreak of war. Thus, any secret collaboration appears unlikely. The head of the Broederbond, N. Diederichs, only informed German authorities late in 1939
- Moodie , T. D. 1975 . The Rise of Afrikanerdom: Power, Apartheid, and the Afrikaner Civil Religion Berkeley The term ‘neo-Fichtean’ was introduced by
- Cronjé and his writings are unfortunately not discussed in Hagemann, Südafrika For Cronjé's leanings towards Nazism, see Sparks, Mind of South Africa, 177–82
- Hagemann, Südafrika, 232–8 and Sparks, Mind of South Africa, 162–82
- Hagemann, Südafrika, 233–40
- These debates are reflected in numerous articles in the journal Koers, which was edited at Potchefstroom University. See also Moodie, Rise of Afrikanerdom.
- Stoker , H. G. 1941 . Die Stryd om die Ordes Pretoria
- Ibid., 150–78
- Ibid., 177–8
- Lawrence Collection G. , van Rensburg , J. F. J. , Harris , J. and Visser , G. C. 1976 . OB: Traitors or Patriots? 148 – 75 . Johannesburg See, for example, van Rensburg's mockery of Afrikaner nationalism and its fight against British influence in South Africa: University of Cape Town Jagger Library, Harry. Visser unfortunately did not disclose the source of his material
- Institute for Contemporary History, Bloemfontein (hereafter INCH), ANS Collection, PV 148, file 2/9, letter of ‘Antikomintern’ to Meyer, 20 May 1938
- See various articles by Meyer in Wapenskou, particularly during 1934 and 1936
- See Meyer's participation in a Union-wide meeting of the OB on 2 and 3 Oct. 1942: INCH, J.D. Jerling Collection, PV 158, file 29, minute of meeting
- Speech of Diederichs in Bloemfontein: Wapenskou, 3 (May 1937)
- Diederichs , N. 1938 . Die Kommunisme: Sy Teorie en Taktiek Bloemfontein
- Diederichs in Wapenskou, 3 (May 1937)
- PA, Pol X, Politik 6, Bd. 1, 241191–96, notes of H. Kirchner on a conversation with ‘Prof. Diederichs’, 19 May 1939. Kirchner had been in charge of the Deutsch-Südafrikanische Gesellschaft in Cape Town during the early 1930s
- PA, Politik 6, Bd. 1, 241196
- van der Walt , A. J. H. 1944 . ‘n Volk op Trek Stellenbosch For the early history of the OB, seeand van Rensburg, Their Paths.
- PA, Politik 6, Bd. 1, 241196
- Cape Archives Depot, A.L. Geyer Collection, A 1890, diary of A.L. Geyer, ‘Aantekeninge Tydperk 1933–1942 by Die Burger’, dated 29 Aug. 1941
- Of course, the influence of European religion (Calvinism) and philosophy cannot be ignored
South African Historical Journal
Volume 27, 1992 - Issue 1