- Tomorrow 202 – 4 . On the negotiations between the ANC and the Volksfront in late 1993 and early 1994, see
- While the political transition will continue until the final constitution comes into effect, I use ‘transition’ mainly to apply to the process of change from the De Klerk minority government to the democratic Mandela one, a process completed in May 1994
- Sisk , T. 1995 . Democratization in South Africa: The Elusive Social Contract 293 Princeton In his victory speech at the Carlton Centre, Johannesburg, on 2 May 1994, Nelson Mandela spoke of'a small miracle', but another view is that the process was 'not a miracle but rather a result of the parties pursuing their own interests'
- Ottaway , D. 1993 . Chained Together: Mandela, De Klerk and the Struggle to Re-Make South Africa New York M. Ottaway, South Africa: The Struggle for a New Order (Washington, 1993);R. Mkhondo, Reporting South Africa (London, 1994);M. Benson, Now is the Time: A Personal Account of South Africa's Historic Transition from Apartheid to Democracy (Sydney, 1994)
- ‘Death of Apartheid’ was first shown on BBC in May 1995, then on NNTV in South Africa in June 1995. Photographs used in the video, such as that in Part 1, “The Prisoner', of the participants at one of the meetings held at Metis House in England, would have added to the book.The book's only photograph is of the Mandela-Botha meeting in July 1989. A three-part television series, narrated by Sparks and based on his book, traverses much of the same ground, and further brings it to life through dramatic footage and the immediacy of filmed interviews with many of the dramatis personae
- Sparks , A. 10 June 1995 . “ ‘South Africa's Truth Surpasssed Fiction’ ” . In The Star 10 June , See. Sparks does not provide a list of those he interviewed for his book;it seems they did not include ex-President P.W. Botha. It was presumably one of his interviewees who gave him access to the extract from a resolution adopted at a State Security Council meeting of 13 September 1989, which he quotes (p. 111);there is no evidence he had access to other top-secret material of this kind
- 28 June 1992 . Washington Post 28 June , This draws upon his report in the.He also reported for The Observer, and his book relies heavily on his own reportage
- He tells us, for example, that he went to Lusaka with Walter Sisulu and others in January 1990, was given F.W. de Klerk's speech in Parliament on 2 February 1990 before it was delivered, went back to Lusaka with Nelson Mandela in March of that year, and asked De Klerk about the South African government's admission in July 1991 that it had given R100 million to the anti-SWAPO parties in the Namibia election campaign of 1989
- Benson . Now is the Time
- Tomorrow Namibia became independent on 21 March 1990, not October 1989 98). It was not Namibian independence which encouraged De Klerk to act, as Sparks suggests, but the way the election had gone in Namibia, the fact that SWAPO had not won two-thirds of the vote, the failure of the far-right in South Africa to make capital from the Namibian issue, and because by early 1990 it was clear that a liberal democratic constitution was emerging from Namibia's Constituent Assembly
- Sparks . May/June 1995 . Tomorrow May/June , 236 – 8 . where he discusses Dalpark-6 This point was made by P. Bond in his review of Sparks's book: ‘Fly-Fishing’, Southern African Review of Books 12
- Sparks . 10 June 1995 . “ ‘South Africa's Truth Surpasssed Fiction’ ” . In The Star 10 June ,
- Ibid.
- Sparks , A. 1990 . The Mind of South Africa 369 London (The title of that book, written when Sparks was in North Carolina, suggested W.J. Cash's The Mind of the South, but Sparks's book was a popular general history, not an intellectual history.) Oddly, Sparks begins Tomorrow by describing it as 'a sequel to The Mind of South Africa', which ‘chronicled the rise and crisis of apartheid and which was published in 1989’. But Mind (1990, and paperback edition 1991) includes a final chapter on ‘The Transition’, which mentions die release of Sisulu and others in October 1989 and predicts that De Klerk would cross the Rubicon and release Nelson Mandela (Mind, 369)
- Die Burger , 17 ( 18 ) and 19 Feb. 1992.The second of these articles (‘NI Wou Sonder Middelman Na ANC Gaan’) is summarised in an article in The Star, 19 Feb. 1992. Barnard clearly wished to argue that die National Intelligence Service was the driving-force behind the ‘reform process', a view adopted by A.H. Marais in ‘Negotiations for a Democratic South Africa, 1985–1992', Journal for Contemporary History 19, 2 (Sep. 1994), 1–4. In W. Esterhuyse and P. Nel, The ANC and its Leaders (Cape Town, 1990), Esterhuyse wrote about the ANC in the late 1980s without discussing the talks in which he played a leading role
- Adam , H. and Moodley , K. 1993 . The Negotiated Revolution: Society and Politics in Post-Apartheid South Africa 42 Johannesburg For example
- Sparks , A. 13 Apr. 1994 . “ ‘South Africa's Secret Revolution’ ” . In New Yorker 13 Apr. , Much of this article is reproduced in the first half of Tomorrow, both the article and the book are clearly written with a non-South African readership in mind
- “ 9 ” . In Tomorrow One example: in chapter of, Sparks gives a full account of the September 1989 meeting in rooms 338 and 339 of the Palace Hotel, Lucerne, Switzerland. Barnard had remained cagey about that and subsequent meetings
- 1994 . Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela Randburg We now have Mandela's own account of this in his autobiography, and also the account of his long-time warder, James Gregory, in Goodbye Bqfana (London, 1995
- Mayibuye More information is now available on this in a series of articles on Operation Vula by Tim Jenkin, published in Mayibuye from May to October 1995 entitled ‘Talking to Vula’. See especially ‘Vula Reaches Nelson Mandela's Prison “Cell”’, Aug. 1995
- Mandela . Long Walk 501 – 45 . part 10: ‘Talking with the Enemy’
- At the other extreme, Marais presents a brief survey of the talks (which he wrongly calls negotiations) which gives the impression that the initiative came entirely from the government side: Marais, ‘Negotiations', passim. He later claims that the ANC's unwillingness to suspend the armed struggle held up ‘the reform process' in early 1990, failing to recognise that it was a major concession for the ANC to do that: Marais, 'Negotiations', 5
- Material on this visit can be found in the H.W. van der Merwe Papers, University of Cape Town. I thank Professor van der Merwe for discussing his visit to Zambia in 1984 with me
- The ANC 136 The importance of the strategic shifts in the ANC in the late 1980s is well brought out by Esterhuyse in, esp. ff
- Shubin , V. 1995 . “ ‘Soviet Union: The ANC's Task Force’ ” . In Russia in the Contemporary World Edited by: Davidson , A. and Filatova , I. 110 Cape Town Sparks discussed this in Mind, ch. 14, though much more information has now become available. See, for example, in, eds, esp.Sparks also does not mention in Tomorrow–he did in Mind–that the ANC's draft constitutional guidelines of January 1988 set out an essentially liberal democratic framework for the post-apartheid state
- the reburial of Sabata Dalindyebo is graphically portrayed in the video “The Comrade King’, directed by Ben Horowitz (1990). The importance of the Western Cape resistance is shown in the video ‘Fruits of Defiance', directed by Brian Tilley and Oliver Schmitz (1990)
- Johns , S. and Hunt Davis , R. , eds. 1991 . Mandela, Tambo, and the African National Congress: The Struggle Against Apartheid, 1948–1990 New York On this, see for example, eds, This is an important collection, which Sparks could have used;he does not seem to have done so
- Friedman , S. , ed. 1993 . The Long Journey: South Africa's Quest for a Negotiated Settlement Johannesburg Other accounts include J. Rantete and H. Giliomee, ‘Transition to Democracy through Transaction: Bilateral Negotiations between the ANC and NP in South Africa’, African Affairs 91, 365 (Oct. 1992;D. Welsh, ‘Negotiating a Democratic Constitution’, in J. Spence, ed., Change in South Africa (London, 1994);D. Welsh, “The Making of the Constitution', in H. Giliomee and L. Schlemmer, eds, The Bold Experiment: South Africa's New Democracy (Johannesburg, 1994);V. Maphai, ‘The Politics of Transition since 1990: Implications of the Stalemate’, in V. Maphai, ed., South Africa: The Challenge to Change (Harare, 1994);the articles in the special issue of Journal for Contemporary History 19, 2 (Sep. 1994);K. Asmal, ‘The Making of a Constitution’, Southern African Review of Books, 36 (Mar./Apr. 1995);J. Hamill, ‘The Crossing of the Rubicon: South Africa's Post-Apartheid Political Process 1990–1992’, International Relations 12, 3 (1995)
- Especially . 1994 . The Small Miracle: South Africa's Negotiated Settlement Edited by: Friedman , S. and Atkinson , D. Johannesburg eds,(A. Reynolds, Election '94 South Africa (Cape Town, 1994);M. Meredith, South Africa's New Era: The 1994 Election (London, 1994). Sparks briefly discusses the deal involved in the interim constitution in Tomorrow, 13–14 and 194–5
- Hirson , B. 1995 . “The Election of a Government' . Searchlight South Africa , 3 : 4 For a strikingly different interpretation of the election, see 12 esp. 8
- Sisk . Democratization. 293 – 7 . Based on a doctoral dissertation, the body of this book was completed before the events leading to the April 1994 election, but a brief epilogue takes the story up to the installation of the new government: Democratization
- Tomorrow See Sparks's discussion of the 'Chain of Crises' of mid 1992 in, ch. 11,with, for example, those in Friedman, Long Journey, 139ff, and Sisk, Democratization, 213ff
- 11 – 12 . See similar points made in Bond, ‘Fly-Fishing’
- Klotz , A. 1995 . ‘Transforming a Pariah State: International Dimensions of the South African Transition’ . Africa Today , 42 ( 1 ) : 78 There are pointers to this in, for example, and 2 ff
- Tomorrow 98 He says, for example, that economic sanctions ‘added. to the pressures on De Klerk to act’
South African Historical Journal
Volume 33, 1995 - Issue 1