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South African Journal on Human Rights Volume 1, 1985 - Issue 2
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Original Articles

The Law, Lawyers and the Courts in Nazi Germany

Lovell FernandezMCJ (New York).
, BA LLB (Western Cape)
Pages 124-136 | Published online: 02 Feb 2017

  • See G Fieberg Justiz im nationalsozialistischen Deutschland (edited by the Bundesminister der Justiz) Bundesanzeiger 134 of 20 July 1984 28. See also I Müller Rechtsstaat und Strafverfahren (1980) 16.
  • Fieberg op cit 28.
  • Ibid 29. (Unless otherwise stated, all translations are my own).
  • Ibid.
  • Quoted by W L Shirer The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (1959) 369–370.
  • §§ 1 and 3 of the Gesetz zur Wiederherstellung des Berufsbeamtentums of 7 April 1933 Reichsgesetzblatt (hereafter RGBI) 1 780–9.
  • H Göppinger Die Verfolgung der Juristen jüdischer Abstammung durch den Nationalsozialismus (1963) 29.
  • Ibid.
  • Ibid.
  • Ibid.
  • Das Schwarzbuch edited by the Comité des Délégations Juives (1934) republished in German in 1983, 519.
  • For the detailed list of names and a short biography of each Jewish academic affected, see Göppinger op cit 93–139,
  • Ibid 111–14.
  • Ibid 131–3 for the names.
  • Ibid 131.
  • Ibid 133–9 for the names.
  • Ibid.
  • Ibid 79. After the War, Carl Schmitt was arrested by the American forces but was released after interrogation. Although he was barred from teaching, he continued to exercise considerable influence from his private recluse in Plettenberg which served as a place of pilgrimage for many of his scholars. See H Fangmann ‘Die Restauration der herrschenden Staatsrechtswissenschaft nach 1945’ in U Reifner (ed) Das Rechi des Unrechtsstaates (1981) 211 at 235.
  • Göppinger op cit 75.
  • Ibid 76–7
  • Ibid After the War he became Minister of Culture in Bavaria until his Nazi past caught up with him. He was forced to resign in 1964 when the full extent of his writings during the Nazi period was revealed. For details, see Fangmann op cit 225.
  • Göppinger op cit 86.
  • Ibid 87.
  • Ibid.
  • Ibid 66.
  • Ibid.
  • Ibid 91.
  • Ibid.
  • §3 of the Gesetz über die Zulassung zur Rechtsanwallschaft of April 1933 RGBI 1 188.
  • R Heinrich 100 Jahre Rechtsanwaltskammer München (1979) 112.
  • F Ostler Die Deutschen Rechtsanwälte 1871–1971 (1971) 249.
  • Ibid See also Göppinger op cit 34.
  • B Michel ‘Die Entwicklung der Arbeitsgerichtbarkeit in den Faschismus’ in Reifner (ed) op cit 154 at 156.
  • Ibid.
  • Article 1 §1 of the Gesetz über die Zulassung von Steuerberatern of 6 May 1933 RGBI 1 257.
  • Article 3(1) of the Gesetz zur Äderung einiger Vorschriften der Rechtsanwahsordung, der Zivilprozeβordnung und des Arbeitsgerichtsgesetzes of 20 July 1933 RGBI 1522.
  • Comité des Délégations Juives (ed) op cit note 11 at 172.
  • Ostler op cit 252.
  • Ibid, See also note 6 above.
  • Quoted by Ostler op cit 253.
  • See Comité des Délégations Juives (ed) op cit at 171.
  • Ibid 178–9.
  • Heinrich op cit 125–6.
  • Ibid 125.
  • Göppinger op cit 37.
  • See I Staff (ed) Justiz im Dritten Reich (1978) at 131–3. See also H Ostendorf ‘Strafverteidigung im “Dritten Reich”’ (1983) 3 Strafverteidiger 120 at 124.
  • §1 of the Fünfte Veordnung zum Reichsbürgergesetz of 27 September 1938 RGBI 1 1403 at 1409.
  • U Reifner ‘Institutionen des faschistischen Rechtssystems’ in U Reifner (ed) op cit 11 at 36.
  • Ibid.
  • Ostler op cit 264.
  • §§8 and 9 of the Fünfte Verordnung zum Reiehsbürgergeseiz of 27 September 1938 RGBI 1 1403 at 1405.
  • Ostler op cit 266.
  • Ibid 265.
  • Ibid.
  • Ibid 266.
  • A Wagner Die Deutsche Justiz und der Nationalsozialismus (1968) 11 136. See also Staff op cit 101–2.
  • Ostler op cit 267.
  • R Schmid in his Review of W Wagner's Der Volksgerichtshof im nationalsozialistischen Staat in (1975) 8 Kritische Justiz 331 at 334.
  • ‘Erklärungen’ 1933 (7) Deutsche Juristen-Zeitung 453.
  • Ibid Reifner op cit 30.
  • Ibid.
  • Ibid.
  • R Schmid in his Review of H Weinkauff's Die Justiz und der Nationalsozialismus in (1968/1969) 1/2 Kritische Justiz 103 at 106.
  • Ibid.
  • Fieber op cit 53.
  • For examples of some bizarre decisions, see Fieber op cit 61–7.
  • Quoted by Ostendorf op cit 121.
  • A Wagner Die Deutsche Justiz und der Nationalsozialismus (1968) III 33.
  • Ibid.
  • See Ostler op cit 267; Staff op cit 131–4.
  • Quoted by Staff op cit 125.
  • Ibid 125.
  • Wagner (Bk III) op cit 34.
  • H Henkel Das deutsche Strafverfahren (1943) 227.
  • A Sack Der Strafverteidiger und der neue Staat (1935) 21.
  • Cf Shirer op cit 373.
  • Ostendorf op cit 123.
  • E Noack Kommentar zur Reichsrechtsanwaltsordnung in der Fassung vom 21.2.1936 2 ed (1937) 4.
  • See Staff op cit 129 and 132–3.
  • Henkel op cit 227.
  • See Müller op cit 210–11.
  • Quoted by Ostendorf op cit 124.
  • Ehrengerichtshofentscheidung der Reichs-Rechtsanwaltskammer vol 29 75.
  • Ehrengerichtshofentscheidung der Reichs - Rechtsanwaltskammer vol 28 197.
  • See note 75 above.
  • See Ostendorf op cit n1 18 at 126.
  • For a critical analysis of the diminishing impact of the trade unions in the late phase of the Weimar period, see A Kaiser ‘Arbeitsrechtswissenschaft und Gewerkschaftengegen Ende der Weimarer Zeit’ in Reifner (ed) op cit 130–53.
  • See generally R Wahsner ‘Faschismus und Arbeitsrecht’ in Reifner (ed) op cit 86 at 99–103.
  • Shirer op cit 363.
  • §2 of the Gesetz über die Einführung eines Arbeitsbuches of 26 February 1935 RGBI 1 311.
  • Ibid §§5 and 6.
  • Michel op cit 160.
  • Ibid 161.
  • K Breucker ‘Gemeinschaftswidrigkeit als Kündigungsgrund in der neuesten arbeitsgerichtlichen Rechtssprechung’ (1936) 18 Juristische Wochenschrift 1189.
  • U Reilner ‘NS-Rechtsbetreuungsstellen und die Rechtsberatung der Deutschen Arbeitsfront — Theorie und Praxis sozial befriedender Rechtsberatung’ in Reifner op cit 178 at 192 (hereafter Reifner ‘NS-Rechtsberatungsstellen”).
  • Ibid.
  • See Ostler op cit 274.
  • Ibid.
  • Ibid 275.
  • S Kaufmann ‘Rechtsfürsorge und Armenrecht’ (1932) Die Rechtsauskunft 40.
  • P Jessen ‘Rechtsbetreuung der deutschen Anwaltschaft’ (1933) 10/11 Die Rechtsauskunft 125.
  • G von Aulock Rechtshilfe für untere soziale Schichten (1977) 15.
  • Wahsner op cit 98. See also Shirer op cit 363.
  • Reifner ‘NS-Rechtsberatungsstellen’ in Reifner (ed) op cit 202.
  • Ibid 201.
  • For a list of these modern works, see Reifner ‘Institutionen des faschistischen Rechtssystems’ op cit n1 at 82–83.
  • Cf Frankfurter Rundschau 26 January 1985.
  • Authored by Fieberg, See n1.
  • Ibid.
  • See the Prohibition of Political interference Act 51 of 1968.
  • See s 17 of the General Law Amendment Act 37 of 1963; s 215 bis of the Criminal Procedure Act 56 of 1955; s 6 of the Terrorism Act 83 of 1967 as replaced by the Internal Security Act 74 of 1982.
  • Cited by GM Carter The Politics of Inequality (1958) 98.
  • House of Assembly Debates vol 82 col 2165 (4 September 1953).
  • Law of 15 September 1935 RGBI 1 1146.
  • Act 23 of 1957. (Section 16 of the Immorality Act has been repealed by Act 72 of 1985 with effect from 19 June 1985.—Eds).
  • Act 55 of 1949. (Repealed by Act 72 of 1985 with effect from 19 June 1985.—Eds).
  • Law of 15 September 1935 RGBI 1 1146.
  • See n90 above.
  • Survey of Race Relations in South Africa (1983) 263.
  • See s 26(1) of the Group Areas Act 36 of 1966.
  • See A Subel ‘An Examination of “The Legislative and Conventional Obstacles Placed in the Way of Black Lawyers Wishing to Practise Law” and the Effect this has on the Provision of Legal Services in South Africa’ (unpublished B Proc IV paper. University of the Witwatersrand 1980) 13.
  • Ibid 14.
  • Information obtained from Advocate Ismail Mahomed SC in January 1984.
  • Cf A Chaskalson The Report of the Legal Resources Centre for the Year ending 31 March 1982 1718.
  • Fourth Interim Report of the Commission of inquiry into the Structure and Functioning of the Courts RP 52/1982 176.

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