The regulation of party switching in Africa

References

• Africa Research Bulletin . 1999 More Opposition MPs defect. 36, no. 3: 13474 .
   Google Scholar
• Agbodjan , S.P. 2009 . La transhumance politique. La honte du processus démocratique . Politique et Société, No. , 996 : 3 – 4 .
   Google Scholar
• Alence , R. 2004 . South Africa after apartheid: The first decade . Journal of Democracy , 15 ( 3 ) : 78 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basedau , M. 2007 . “ Do party systems matter for democracy? A comparative study of 28 Sub-Saharan countries ” . In Votes, money and violence. political parties and elections in Sub-Saharan Africa , Edited by: Basedau , M. , Erdmann , G. and Mehler , A. 105 – 43 . Uppsala/Scottsville : Nordiska Afrikainstitutet/KwaZulu-Natal Press .
   Google Scholar
• Blunt , M.E. 1964 . Carpet-crossing . Parliamentary Affairs , 18 ( 1 ) : 82 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Bogaards , M. 2003 . Electoral choices for divided societies: Multi-ethnic parties and constituency pooling in Africa . Commonwealth and Comparative Politics , 43 ( 3 ) : 59 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Bogaards , M. 2007 . “ Electoral systems, party systems and ethnicity in Africa ” . In Votes, money and violence. political parties and elections in Sub-Saharan Africa , Edited by: Basedau , M. , Erdmann , G. and Mehler , A. 168 – 93 . Uppsala/Scottsville : Nordiska Afrikainstitutet/KwaZulu-Natal Press .
   Google Scholar
• Boogards , M. , M Basedau Hartmann , C. 2010 . Ethnic party bans in Africa: an introduction , Democratization 17 4 599 – 617 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booysen , S. 2006 . The will of the parties versus the will of the people? Defections, elections and alliances in South Africa . Party Politics , 12 ( 6 ) : 727 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boumakani , B. 2008 . La prohibition de la ‘transhumance politique’ des parlementaires. Etude de cas africains . Revue française de droit constitutionnel , 75 ( 3 ) : 499 – 512 .
   Google Scholar
• Chigawa , M. 2008 . The concept of crossing the floor under Malawian Constitutional Law . Malawi Law Journal , 2 ( 2 ) : 185 – 208 .
   Google Scholar
• Conaghan , C.M. 1994 . “ Loose parties,'floating' politicians, and institutional stress: Presidentialism in Ecuador, 1979–1988 ” . In The failure of presidential democracy: The case of Latin America , Edited by: Linz , J. and Valenzuela , A. 254 – 85 . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cussac , A. 2008 . ‘Kibaki Tena?’, the challenges of a campaign . In The general elections in Kenya, 2007 . Institut Français de Recherche en Afrique. Les Cahiers d'Afrique de l'Est, no. 38 : 35 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Emminghaus , C. 2003 . Politische Parteien im Demokratisierungsprozess: Struktur und Funktion afrikanischer Parteiensysteme , Opladen : Leske and Budrich .
   Google Scholar
• Engholm , G.F. and Mazrui , A.A. 1967 . Crossing the floor and the tensions of representation in East Africa . Parliamentary Affairs , 21 ( 2 ) : 137 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdmann , G. 2004 . Party research: Western European bias and the ‘African labyrinth’ . Democratization , 11 ( 3 ) : 63 – 87 .
   Google Scholar
• Erdmann , G. 2007 . Ethnicity, voter alignment and political party affiliation – an African case: Zambia . GIGA Working Paper No. 45. Hamburg .
   Google Scholar
• Fick , G. 2005 . Elections and democracy. Is there free and fair selections of decision makers? In Democracy in the time of Mbeki , R. Calland and P. Graham , 149 – 65 . Cape Town : Institute for Democracy in South Africa .
   Google Scholar
• Grimm , S. 2001 . Senegal 2000 . In Afrika Jahrbuch 2000 , Institut für Afrika-Kunde and R. Hofmeier , 154 – 8 . Opladen : Leske and Budrich .
   Google Scholar
• Hanke , S. 2002 . Mali 2001 . In Afrika Jahrbuch 2001 , Institut für Afrika-Kunde and R. Hofmeier , 129 – 31 . Opladen : Leske and Budrich .
   Google Scholar
• Hartmann , C. 2007 . “ Paths of electoral reform in Africa ” . In Votes, money and violence. political parties and elections in Sub-Saharan Africa , Edited by: Basedau , M. , Erdmann , G. and Mehler , A. 144 – 67 . Uppsala/Scottsville : Nordiska Afrikainstitutet/KwaZulu-Natal Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hatchard , J. 1991 . The constitution of Zimbabwe: Towards a model for Africa? . Journal of African Law , 35 ( 1/2 ) : 79 – 101 .
   Google Scholar
• Heller , W. and C. Mershon , 2009 . Political parties and legislative party switching . New York : Palgrave .
   Google Scholar
• Hicken , A. 2008 . “ Political engineering and party regulation in Southeast Asia ” . In Political parties in conflict-prone societies. Regulation, engineering and democratic development , Edited by: Reilly , B. and Nordlund , P. 68 – 94 . Tokyo/New York/Paris : United Nations University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hoeane , T. 2008 . Floor-crossing in South Africa: entrenching of undermining democracy? . Politeia , 27 ( 2 ) : 70 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• Janda , K. 2009 . Laws against party switching, defecting, or floor-crossing in national parliaments . Legal Regulation of Political Parties Working Paper, 2 .
   Google Scholar
• Jung , C. and Shapiro , I. 1995 . South Africa's negotiated transition: Democracy, opposition and the new constitutional order . Politics and Society , 23 ( 3 ) : 269 – 308 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadima , D. 2008 . “ Party regulations, nation-building and party systems in southern and east Africa ” . In Political parties in conflict-prone societies. Regulation, engineering and democratic development , Edited by: Reilly , B. and Nordlund , P. 201 – 19 . Tokyo/New York/Paris : United Nations University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Katz , R. 2004 . Democracy and the legal regulation of political parties . Paper prepared for the USAID Conference on Changes in Political Parties: United States Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C., October 1, 2004 .
   Google Scholar
• Kotzé , D. 2007 . “ The case of South Africa ” . In The impact of floor crossing on party systems and representative democracy , Edited by: Matlosa , K. 71 – 84 . Johannesburg : Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung .
   Google Scholar
• Kreuzer , M. and Pettai , V. 2003 . Patterns of political instability: Affiliation patterns of politicians and voters in post-communist Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania . Comparative International Development , 38 ( 2 ) : 76 – 98 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuenzi , M. and Lambright , G. 2001 . Party system institutionalization in 30 African countries . Party Politics , 7 ( 4 ) : 437 – 68 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuenzi , M. and Lambright , G. 2005 . Party systems and democratic consolidation in Africa's electoral regimes . Party Politics , 11 ( 4 ) : 423 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lembani , S. 2007 . “ The case of Malawi ” . In The impact of floor crossing on party systems and representative democracy , Edited by: Matlosa , K. 47 – 59 . Johannesburg : Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung .
   Google Scholar
• Mainwaring , S. and Scully , T. 1995 . “ Introduction ” . In Building democratic institutions. Party systems in Latin America , Edited by: Mainwaring , S. and Scully , T. 1 – 33 . Stanford : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Malhotra , G.C. 2005 . Anti-defection Law in India and the Commonwealth , New Delhi : Metropolitan .
   Google Scholar
• Masemola , N.P. 2007 . Floor-crossing and its consequences in South Africa . EISA Occasional Paper, No. 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Matlosa , K. , 2007 . The impact of floor crossing on party systems and representative democracy . Johannesburg : Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung .
   Google Scholar
• Matlosa , K. and Shale , V. 2007 . “ The case of Lesotho ” . In The impact of floor crossing on party systems and representative democracy , Edited by: Matlosa , K. 31 – 46 . Johannesburg : Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung .
   Google Scholar
• Mershon , C. and Shvetsova , O. 2008 . Parliamentary cycles and party switching in legislatures . Comparative Political Studies , 41 ( 1 ) : 99 – 127 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyns , P. 2002 . Cape Verde: An African exception . Journal of Democracy , 13 ( 3 ) : 153 – 65 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miners , N.J. 1971 . Floor crossing and pork-barrel politics in new nations . Parliamentary Affairs , 25 ( 1 ) : 11 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Miskin , S. 2003 . Politician overboard: Jumping the party ship . Department of the Parliamentary Library Research Paper, No. 4 2003–02 .
   Google Scholar
• Momba , J.C. 2007 . “ The case of Zambia ” . In The impact of floor crossing on party systems and representative democracy , Edited by: Matlosa , K. 61 – 70 . Johannesburg : Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung .
   Google Scholar
• Ojigbo , A.O. 1972 . On the advantages of a no-party-state . Journal of Modern African Studies , 10 ( 1 ) : 122 – 7 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okoth-Ogendo , H.W.O. 1972 . The politics of constitutional change in Kenya since independence, 1963–69 . African Affairs , 71 ( 282 ) : 9 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Pedersen , M. 1979 . The dynamics of European party systems: Changing patterns of electoral volatility . European Journal of Political Research , 7 ( 1 ) : 1 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randall , V. and Svåsand , L. 2002 . Political parties and democratic consolidation in Africa . Democratization , 9 ( 3 ) : 30 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Reilly , B. 2002 . Political engineering and party politics in Papua New Guinea . Party Politics , 8 ( 6 ) : 701 – 18 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly , B. 2008 . “ Introduction ” . In Political parties in conflict-prone societies. Regulation, engineering and democratic development , Edited by: Reilly , B. and Nordlund , P. 3 – 24 . Tokyo/New York/Paris : United Nations University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Southall , R. 2009 . Alternatives for electoral reform in Kenya: Lessons from southern Africa . Journal of Contemporary African Studies , 27 ( 3 ) : 445 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Spieß , C. and Pehl , M. 2004 . Floor crossing and nascent democracies – a neglected aspect of electoral systems? The current South African debate in the light of the Indian experience . Verfassung und Recht in Übersee , 37 ( 2 ) : 195 – 224 .
   Google Scholar
• Tavits , M. 2009 . The making of mavericks. Local loyalties and party defection . Comparative Political Studies , 42 ( 6 ) : 793 – 815 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Throup , D. and Hornsby , C. 1998 . Multi-party politics in Kenya , Oxford : James Currey .
   Google Scholar
• Washington Post; Kaiser Family Foundation and Harvard University 2004 . Survey of South Africans at ten years of democracy . Washington, D.C : Kaiser Family Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , F.R.A. 1967 . Fundamental rights and the prospect for democracy in Nigeria . University of Pennsylvania Law Review , 115 ( 7 ) : 1073 – 90 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziemer , K. 1984 . Demokratisierung in Westafrika? , Paderborn : Ferdinand Schöningh .
   Google Scholar