Hybrid social movements in Africa

References

• Ackerman , Peter and DuVall , Jack . 2001 . A Force More Powerful: A Century of Non-violent Conflict , New York , NY : Palgrave Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Andersen , Kurt . 2011 . “ The Protestor .” Time . December 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Albrecht , Holger . 2007 . “ Political Opposition and Authoritarian Rule in Egypt .” Unpublished PhD diss., Eberhard-Karls Universität Tübingen .
   Google Scholar
• Ali , Khalid. 2012 . Precursors of the Egyptian Revolution . IDS Bulletin , 43 ( 1 ) : 16 – 25 . doi: 10.1111/j.1759-5436.2012.00286.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , Benedict. 1991 . Imagined Communities, Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism , London : Verso .
   Google Scholar
• Badimon , Montserrat Emperador. 2013 . Does Unemployment Spark Collective Contentious Action? Evidence from a Moroccan Social Movement . Journal of Contemporary African Studies , doi: 10.1080/02589001.2013.781319
   Google Scholar
• Bawa Yamba , C. 1995 . Permanent Pilgrims: The Role of Pilgrimage in the Lives of West African Muslims in Sudan , Washington , DC : Smithsonian .
   Google Scholar
• Bayart , Jean-François. 1993 . The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly , London : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Beer , Michael A. 1999 . “ Violent and Nonviolent Struggle in Burma: Is a Unified Strategy Possible? ” . In Nonviolent Social Movements: A Geographical Perspective , Edited by: Zunes , Stephen , Kurtz , Lester R. and Beth Asher , Sarah . 174 – 184 . Malden , MA : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Boege , Volker , Anne Brown , Kevin Clements , and Anna Nolan . 2009 . On Hybrid Political Orders and Emerging States: State Formation in the Context of ‘Fragility’. forthcoming in Bergof Handbook Dialogue . No. 8 , 1 – 17 . Berlin : Bergof Research Centre for Constructive Conflict Management .
   Google Scholar
• Bond , Patrick , Ashwin Desai , and Trevor Ngwane . 2012 . “ Uneven and Combined Marxism Within South Africa's Urban Social Movements .” Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal . February. Accessed March 20. links.org.au/node/2757
   Google Scholar
• Bond , Patrick and Shauna , Mottiar . 2013 . Movements, Protests and a Massacre in South Africa . Journal of Contemporary African Studies , doi: 10.1080/02589001.2013.789727
   Google Scholar
• Booth , David . 2012 . “ Development as a Collective Action Problem, Addressing the Real Challenges of African Governance .” Synthesis report of the Africa Power and Politics Programme, London, ODI , October .
   Google Scholar
• Booysen , Susan. 2011 . The African National Congress and the Regeneration of Political Power , Johannesburg : Witwatersrand University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bratton , Michael , Coulibaly , Massa and Machado , Fabiana . 2002 . Popular Views of the Legitimacy of the State in Mali . Canadian Journal of African Studies , 36 ( 2 ) : 197 – 238 . doi: 10.2307/4107205
   Google Scholar
• Bratton , Michael and van de Walle , Nicolas . 1997 . Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Buhlungu , Sakhela. 2010 . A Paradox of Victory: COSATU and the Democratic Transformation of South Africa , Scottsville : KwaZulu-Natal University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Carter , April. 2012 . People Power and Political Change: Key Issues and Concepts , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Chabal , P. and Daloz , J. P. 1999 . Africa Works: Disorder as a Political Instrument , Oxford : James Currey .
   Google Scholar
• Clapham , Christopher. 1996 . Africa and the International System: The Politics of State Survival , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Comaroff , John L. and Comaroff , Jean . 1999 . “ Introduction ” . In Civil society and the Political Imagination in Africa: Critical Perspectives, Problems, Paradoxes , Edited by: Comaroff , John L. and Comaroff , Jean . 1 – 43 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Crummey , Donald. 1986 . “ Introduction: ‘The great beast’ ” . In Banditry, Rebellion and Social Protest in Africa , Edited by: Crummey , Donald . 1 – 29 . London : James Currey .
   Google Scholar
• de Waal , Alex. 2003 . Human Rights Organizations and the Political Imagination: How the West and Africa Have Diverged . Journal of Human Rights , 2 ( 4 ) : 475 – 494 . doi: 10.1080/1475483032000137075
   Google Scholar
• de Waal , Alex. 2010 . Dollarised . London Review of Books , 32 ( 12 ) : 38 – 41 . www.lrb.co.uk/v32/n12/alex-de-waal/dollarised
   Google Scholar
• de Waal , Alex. 2013 . Sudan's Elusive Democratisation: Civic Mobilization, Provincial Rebellion and Chameleon Dictatorships . Journal of Contemporary African Studies , doi: 10.1080/02589001.2013.786901
   Google Scholar
• Durac , Vincent. 2013 . Protest Movements and Political Change: An Analysis of the ‘Arab Uprisings’ of 2011 . Journal of Contemporary African Studies , doi: 10.1080/02589001.2013.783754
   Google Scholar
• Du Toit , Pierre. 1995 . State Building and Democracy in Southern Africa: A Comparative Study of Botswana, South Africa and Zimbabwe , Pretoria : HSRC Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Englund , Harri. 2006 . Prisoners of Freedom: Human Rights and the African Poor , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fanthorpe , Richard and Maconachie , Roy . 2010 . Beyond the ‘Crisis of Youth’? Mining, Farming, and Civil Society in Post-war Sierra Leone . African Affairs , 109 ( 435 ) : 251 – 272 . doi: 10.1093/afraf/adq004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernyhough , Timothy. 1986 . “ Social Mobility and Dissident Elites in Northern Ethiopia: The Role of Banditry, 1900–69 ” . In Banditry, Rebellion and Social Protest in Africa , Edited by: Crummey , Donald . 151 – 172 . London : James Currey .
   Google Scholar
• George-Williams , Desmond. 2006 . ‘Bite Not One Another:’ Selected Accounts of Non-Violent Struggle in Africa , Addis Ababa : University of Peace .
   Google Scholar
• Gerbaudo , Paolo. 2012 . Tweets and the Streets: Social Media and Contemporary Activism , London : Pluto .
   Google Scholar
• Hegel , G. W. F . 1991 . Elements of the Philosophy of Right . Edited by Allen W. Wood , Translated by H.B. Nisbet . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hinshaw , Drew . 2011 . “ Now that Egypt's Mubarak is Out, Could Gabon's Bongo be Next? ” The Christian Science Monitor. Accessed November 7. http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/Africa-Monitor/2011/0212/Now-that-Egypt-s-Mubarak-is-out-could-Gabon-s-Bongo-be-next
   Google Scholar
• Hochschild , Adam. 1999 . King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror and Heroism in Colonial Africa , Boston : Houghton Mifflin .
   Google Scholar
• Human Rights Watch . 2012 . World Report: Uganda . Accessed November 14. http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/world-report-2012-uganda
   Google Scholar
• James , Wendy. 2007 . War and Survival in Sudan's Frontierlands: Voices From the Blue Nile , Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Joffé , George. 2011 . The Arab Spring in North Africa: Origins and Prospects . The Journal of North African Studies , 16 ( 4 ) : 507 – 532 . doi: 10.1080/13629387.2011.630881
   Google Scholar
• Karlström , Michael. 1996 . Imagining Democracy . Africa , 66 ( 4 ) : 485 – 504 . doi: 10.2307/1160933
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaunda , Kenneth D. 1980 . Kaunda on Violence , London : Collins .
   Google Scholar
• Keck , Margaret and Sikkink , Kathryn . 1998 . Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics , Ithaca and London : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kelsall , Tim , and David Booth . 2010 . “ Developmental Patrimonialism? Questioning the Orthodoxy on Political Governance and Economic Progress in Africa .” London , ODI, Africa Power and Politics , Working Paper no. 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Larmer , Miles. 2010 . Social Movement Struggles in Africa . Review of African Political Economy , 37 ( 125 ) : 251 – 262 . doi: 10.1080/03056244.2010.510623
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lodge , Tom. 2009 . “ The Interplay of Non-violent and Violent Action in the Movement Against Apartheid in South Africa, 1983–94 ” . In Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-Violent Action from Gandhi to the Present , Edited by: Roberts , Adam and Garton Ash , Timothy . 213 – 230 . Oxford : OUP .
   Google Scholar
• Mamdani , Mahmood. 1996 . Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism , Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mamdani , Mahmood. 2011 . Short Cuts . London Review of Books , 33 ( 12 ) : 24 www.lrb.co.uk/v33/n12/mahmood-mamdani/short-cuts
   Google Scholar
• Mamdani , Mahmood , and Ernest Wamba-dia-Wamba 1995 . African Studies in Social Movements and Democracy . Dakar : CODESRIA .
   Google Scholar
• Marchant , Eleanor , and Arch Puddington . n.d . “ Enabling Environments for Civil Movements and the Dynamics of Democratic Transition .” Freedom House. Accessed November 13. http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/special-reports/enabling-environments-civic-movements-and-dynamics-democratic-transition
   Google Scholar
• Martin , B. G. 1976 . Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mati , Jacob Mwathi. 2013 . Antinomies in the Struggle for the Transformation of the Kenyan Constitution (1990–2010) . Journal of Contemporary African Studies , doi: 10.1080/02589001.2013.785145
   Google Scholar
• McCorley , Ciara. 2013 . Structure, Agency and Regime Change: A Comparative Analysis of Social Actors and Regime Change in South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe . Journal of Contemporary African Studies , doi: 10.1080/02589001.2013.781321
   Google Scholar
• North , Douglass C. , Wallis , John J. and Weingast , Barry R. 2009 . Violence and Social Orders: A Conceptual Framework for Interpreting Recorded History , New York , NY : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Peires , J. B. 1989 . The Dead will Arise: Nongqawuse and the Great Xhosa Cattle-killing Movement of 1856–7 , Johannesburg : Ravan Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pringle , Robert. 2006 . Democratization in Mali: Putting History to Work. Peaceworks No. 58 , Washington , DC : U.S. Institute of Peace .
   Google Scholar
• Ranger , Terence. 1967 . Revolt in Southern Rhodesia 1896–7: A Study in African Resistance , London : Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Rennick , Sarah Anne. 2013 . Personal Grievance Sharing, Frame Alignment, and Hybrid Organisational Structures: The Role of Social Media in North Africa's 2011 Uprisings . Journal of Contemporary African Studies , doi: 10.1080/02589001.2013.781322
   Google Scholar
• Reno , William. 2011 . Warfare in Independent Africa: New Approaches to African History , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Richards , Paul. 1996 . Fighting for the Rainforest: War, Youth and Resources in Sierra Leone , London : James Currey .
   Google Scholar
• Risse , Thomas and Sikkink , Kathryn . 1999 . “ The Socialization of International Human Rights Norms into Domestic Practices ” . In The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change , Edited by: Risse , Thomas , Ropp , Stephen C. and Sikkink , Kathryn . 1 – 38 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Roitman , Janet. 2004 . Fiscal Disobedience: An Anthropology of Economic Regulation in Central Africa , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schaffer , Frederic C. 1998 . Democracy in Translation: Understanding Politics in an Unfamiliar Culture , Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schock , Kurt. 2005 . Unarmed Insurrections: People Power Movements in Nondemocracies , Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , James C. 2009 . The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia , Yale : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sharp , Gene. 2005 . Waging Nonviolent Struggle: 20th Century Practice and 21st Century Potential , Boston : Porter Sargent .
   Google Scholar
• Springborg , Robert. 2011 . Whither the Arab Spring? 1989 or 1848? . The International Spectator: Italian Journal of International Affairs , 46 ( 3 ) : 5 – 12 . doi: 10.1080/03932729.2011.609357
   Google Scholar
• Staniland , Martin. 1991 . American Intellectuals and African Nationalists 1955–1970 , New Haven and London : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stephan , Maria J. and Chenoweth , Erica . 2008 . Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict . International Security , 33 ( 1 ) : 7 – 44 . doi: 10.1162/isec.2008.33.1.7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland , Bill and Meyer , Matt . 2000 . Guns and Gandhi: Pan-African Insights on Nonviolence, Armed Struggle and Liberation , Trenton , NJ : Africa World Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tarrow , Sidney. 1998 . Power in Movement, Social Movements and Contentious Politics , 2nd ed , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• The Guardian . 2011 . “ Malawian Protesters Killed During Anti-regime Riots .” The Guardian , 21 July . Accessed November 7. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jul/21/malawi-protesters-killed-anti-regime-riots
   Google Scholar
• Thigo , Philip. 2013 . People, Technology and Spaces: Towards a New Generation of Social Movements . Journal of Contemporary African Studies , doi: 10.1080/02589001.2013.783755
   Google Scholar
• Tripp , Aili Mari. 1997 . Changing the Rules: The Politics of Liberalization and the Urban Informal Economy in Tanzania , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Uganda Human Rights Commission . 2011 . Statement on Walk to Work Protests . Accessed November 7. http://www.uhrc.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=304%3Auhrc-statement-on-walk-to-work-protests&catid=43%3Apress-realeses&Itemid=115
   Google Scholar
• Uvin , Peter. 2009 . Life After violence: A People's Story of Burundi , London : Zed Books .
   Google Scholar
• Wrong , Michela. 2010 . It's Our Turn to Eat: The Story of a Kenyan Whistle-blower , London : Harper .
   Google Scholar
• Young , John. 2012 . The Fate of Sudan: The Origins and Consequences of a Flawed Peace Process , London : Zed Books .
   Google Scholar