Publication Cover
Politikon
South African Journal of Political Studies
Volume 35, 2008 - Issue 1
671
Views
14
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

International Election Observer Missions and the Promotion of Democracy: Some Lessons from Nigeria's 2007 Elections

Pages 69-86 | Published online: 04 Jul 2008

References

  • Abbink , Jon . 2000 . “ Introduction: Rethinking Democratization and Election Observation ” . In Election Observation and Democratization in Africa , Edited by: Abbink , Jon and Hesseling , Gerti . Hampshire, London : Macmillan Press .
  • Adejumobi , Said . 2000 . Elections in Africa: A Fading Shadow of Democracy? . International Political Science Review , 21 : 59 – 73 .
  • Agbaje , Adigun and Adejumobi , Said . 2006 . Do Votes Count? The Travails of Electoral Politics in Nigeria . Africa Development , XXXI ( 3 ) : 25 – 44 .
  • Ake , Claude . 1993 . The Unique Case of African Democracy . International Affairs , 69 : 239
  • Anglin , Douglas . 1998 . International Election Monitoring: The African Experience . African Affairs , 97 : 471 – 495 .
  • BBC News . 2007 . What Nigerian Election Observers Say . 23 April http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk
  • Bittiger , Tim . 2005 . Election Observation in West Africa: The ECOWAS Experience . Elections Today , http://aceproject.org
  • Bjornlund , Eric , Bratton , Michael and Gibson , Clark . 1992 . Observing Multiparty Elections in Africa: Lessons from Zambia . African Affairs , 91 : 405 – 431 .
  • Bjornlund , Eric , Cowan , Glenn and Gallery , William . 2007 . “ Election Systems and Political Parties in Post-Conflict and Fragile States ” . In Governance in Post-Conflict Societies: Rebuilding Fragile States , Edited by: Derick , W. Brinkerhoff . London : Routledge .
  • Bratton , Michael and van de Walle , Nicholas . 1997 . Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Carothers , Thomas . 1997 . The Observers Observed: The Rise of Election Monitoring . Journal of Democracy , 8 : 17 – 31 .
  • Carothers , Thomas . 2002a . The End of the Transition Paradigm . Journal of Democracy , 13 : 7
  • Carothers , Thomas . 2002b . Debating the Transition Paradigm: A Reply to My Critics . Journal of Democracy , 13 ( 3 ) : 33 – 38 .
  • Casey , Tom . 27 April 2007 . “ Nigeria's Elections’, Press Statement by Deputy Spokesman ” . 27 April , Washington, DC : US State Department .
  • Commonwealth Secretariat . April 2007 . April , Abuja Departure Statement on Nigeria's Elections of April
  • Daniel , J. and Southall , R. 1999 . “ Electoral Corruption and Manipulation in Africa: The Case for International Monitoring ” . In Voting for Democracy: Watershed Elections in Contemporary Anglophone Africa , Edited by: Daniel , John , Southall , Roger and Szeftel , Morris . Aldershot : Ashgate .
  • Declaration by the Presidency on Behalf of the EU on the Elections in Nigeria . 2007 . 27 April http://www.eu2007.de/en/News/CFSP_Statements/April/0427Nigeria.html
  • Domestic Election Monitoring Group . 25 Apri 2007 . “ An Election Programmed to Fail ” . In Guardian Newspapers 25 Apri , Lagos http://www.guardiannewsngr.com
  • Dorman , Sara . 2005 . Make Sure the Votes Count Nicely This Time: The Politics of Elections and Election Observing in Zimbabwe . Commonwealth and Comparative Politics , 43 : 155 – 177 .
  • European Union Election Observation Mission (EU EOM) . 2003 . Nigeria: Final Report, National Assembly Elections 12 April 2003, Presidential and Gubernatorial Elections 19 April 2003, State Houses of Assembly Elections 03 May 2003 , Brussels : European Union .
  • European Union Election Observation Mission (EU EOM) . 2007 . Nigeria: Final Report, Gubernatorial and State Houses of Assembly Elections 14 April 2007 and Presidential and National Assembly Elections 21 April 2007 , Brussels : European Union .
  • Fabiyi , Olushola . 2007 . We Have Hope in Nigeria's Democracy—Gozney . Punch , 30 October http://www.punching.com/Article
  • Foreign and Commonwealth Office . 2007 . Beckett Statement on Nigerian Elections . 23 April http://www.fco.gov.uk
  • Geisler , Gisela . 1994 . “ Observing the Elation of Liberation: Being a UN Observer in Lebowa, Northern Transvaal ” . In South Africa's 1994 Election , Edited by: Tjonneland , Elling . Oslo : Norwegian Institute for Human Rights .
  • Geisler , Gisela . 1993 . Fair? What Has Fairness Got to Do with It? Vagaries of Election Observations and Democratic Standards . The Journal of Modern African Studies , 31 : 613 – 637 .
  • Herkovits , Jean . 2007 . Nigeria's Rigged Democracy . Foreign Affairs , 86 : 115 – 130 .
  • Human Rights Watch . 2003 . Nigeria's 2003 Elections: The Unacknowledged Violence , New York : Human Rights Watch .
  • Human Rights Watch . 2007a . “ Nigerian Presidential Election Marred by Fraud Violence’, Press Release ” . New York : Human Rights Watch .
  • Human Rights Watch . 2007b . Election or ‘Selection?’ Human Rights Abuse and Threats to Free and Fair Elections in Nigeria , New York : Human Rights Watch . Report No. 1
  • Huntington , Samuel . 1991 . The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century , Norman : University of Oklahoma Press .
  • Ibrahim , J. 2007 . “ Nigeria's 2007 Elections: The Fitful Path to Democratic Citizenship ” . Washington DC : United States Institute of Peace, USIP . Special Report 182
  • Ihonvbere , Julius . 1996 . Where is the Third Wave? A Critical Evaluation of Africa's Non-Transition to Democracy . Africa Today , 43 : 343 – 368 .
  • Ihonvbere , Julius . 2006 . “ Where is the Third Wave? A Critical Evaluation of Africa's Non-Transition to Democracy ” . In Multiparty Democracy and Political Change: Constraints to Democratization in Africa , Edited by: Mbaku , John and Ihonvbere , Julius . Trenton : Africa World Press .
  • International Republican Institute . 2007 . Nigeria's Elections Below Acceptable Standards . 22 April Preliminary Findings of IRI's International Election Observer Mission
  • Kemedi , von Dimieari . 2006 . “ Fuelling the Violence: Non-State Armed Actors (Militia, Cults, and Gangs) in the Niger Delta ” . Berkeley : Institute of International Studies, University of California; Washington, DC: The United States Institute for Peace; Port Harcourt: Niger Delta Economies of Violence Working Paper No. 10 .
  • Kew , Darren . 1999 . Democracy—Dem Go Craze, O: Monitoring the 1999 Nigerian Elections . Issue: A Journal of Opinion , XXVII : 29 – 33 .
  • Kohnert , Dirk . 2004 . Election Observation in Nigeria & Madagascar: Diplomatic vs. Technocratic Bias . Review of African Political Economy , 31 : 83 – 101 .
  • Laakso , Liisa . 2000 . The Politics of International Election Observation: The Case of the Zimbabwe in 2000 . The Journal of Modern African Studies , 40 : 437 – 464 .
  • Lewis , Peter . 2003 . Nigeria: Elections in a Fragile Regime . Journal of Democracy , 14 : 131 – 144 .
  • Lindberg , Staffan . 2003 . It's Our Time to “Chop”: Do Elections in Africa Feed Neo-Patrimonialism Rather than Counteract it? . Democratization , 10 : 121 – 140 .
  • Lindberg , Staffan . 2004 . The Democratic Qualities of Competitive Elections: Participation, Competition and Legitimacy in Africa . Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics , 42 : 61 – 105 .
  • Lindberg , Staffan . 2006a . The Surprising Significance of African Elections . Journal of Democracy , 17 : 104 – 151 .
  • Lindberg , Staffan . 2006b . Democracy and Elections in Africa , Baltimore : John Hopkins University Press .
  • Niger Delta Civil Society Coalition Statement on the Elections . 2007 . www.greenlightnigeria.org
  • Nodia , Ghia . 2002 . Debating the Transition Paradigm: The Democratic Path . Journal of Democracy , 13 ( 3 ) : 13 – 19 .
  • Obayuwana, Oghogho and Asubiojo, Lewis . 18 April 2007 . “ Local Monitors Want Polls in 10 States Cancelled ” . In The Guardian 18 April , Lagos http://www.guardiannewsngr.com/news
  • Obi , Cyril . 2007a . Democratising Nigerian Politics: Transcending the Shadows of Militarism’, ‘Briefings . Review of African Political Economy , 34 : 379 – 384 .
  • Obi , Cyril . Ethnic Minorities and the Quest for Democracy in Africa . Equal Representation—A Challenge to Democracy and Democracy Promotion: Proceeding of a Conference and Workshop in Uppsala . April 3–4 2006 . Uppsala : Collegium for Development Studies/Uppsala Centre for Sustainable Development, University of Uppsala .
  • O'Donnell , Guillerno . 2002 . Debating the Transition Paradigm: In Partial Defense of an Evanescent ‘Paradigm’ . Journal of Democracy , 13 : 6 – 12 .
  • Olaniyi , Bisi . 9 May 2007 . “ Militants Blow Up Oil Pipelines ” . In The Punch 9 May , Lagos http://www.punching.com
  • Rawlence , Ben and Albin-Lackey , Chris . 2007 . Nigeria's 2007 General Elections: Democracy in Retreat . African Affairs , 106 : 497 – 506 .
  • Robinson , William . 2006 . “ Promoting Polyarchy in Latin America: The Oxymoron of “Market Democracy”‘, in: Eric Hershberg and Fred Rosen ” . In Latin America After Neo-Liberalism , New York : The New Press .
  • Roth , Kenneth . 2008 . “ Despots Masquerading as Democrats ” . In Human Rights Watch World Report 2008 , New York : Human Rights Watch .
  • Schedler , Andrea . 2002 . The Nested Game of Democratization by Elections . International Political Science Review , 23 : 103 – 122 .
  • Speech by His Excellency, President Umaru Musa Yar' Adua, 2007 . 26 September 2007 . GCFR at the 62nd Session of the United Nations General Assembly 26 September , New York http://www.mfa.gov.ng
  • Statement of the Government of the Republic of South Africa Congratulating Hon. Alhaji Umaru Yar ‘Adua on His Election as President Elect of the Federal Republic of Nigeria . 2007 . 25 April http://dfa.gov.za
  • Statement of the National Democratic Institute (NDI) . 23 April 2007 . International Election Observer Delegation to Nigeria's April 21 Presidential and National Assembly Elections 23 April , Abuja
  • The Carter Center . 1999 . Post Election Statement on Nigeria Elections . 1 March http:www.cartercenter.org/news/documents

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.