Communication from above and below: Media, Protest and Democracy

References

• Alexander, P. 2010. “Rebellion of the Poor: South Africa’s Service Delivery Protests – A Preliminary Analysis.” Review of African Political Economy 37 (123): 25–40. doi: 10.1080/03056241003637870
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett, C. 1999. “The Limits of Media Democratisation in South Africa: Politics, Privatisation and Regulation.” Media, Culture and Society 21: 649–671. doi: 10.1177/016344399021005004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger, G. 2005. “Current Challenges.” In Changing the Fourth Estate: Essays on South African Journalism, edited by Adrian Hadland, 19–26. Cape Town: HSRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Carroll, W., and S. R. Ratner. 1999. “Media Strategies and Political Projects: A Comparative Study of Social Movements.” Canadian Journal of Sociology/Cahiers Canadiens de Sociologie 24 (1): 1–34. doi: 10.2307/3341476
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christians, C. G., Theodore L. Glasser, Denis Mcquail, Kaarle Nordenstreng, and Robert A. White. 2009. Normative Theories of the Media: Journalism in Democratic Societies. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chuma, W. 2015. “Between ‘Bottom-up’ Journalism and Social Activism in Unequal Societies: The Case of Ground Up in South Africa.” In Perspectives on Participatory Politics and Citizen Journalism in a Networked Africa: A Connected Continent, edited by B. Mutsvairo, 204–214. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Cottle, S. 2008. “Reporting Demonstrations: The Changing Media Politics of Dissent.” Media, Culture, and Society 30 (6): 853–872. doi: 10.1177/0163443708096097
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Da Silva, I. S. 2010. “Pro-ANC Newspaper Unveiled, Launches September.” Bizcommunity, July 23. Accessed October 24, 2016. http://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/90/50326.html.
   Google Scholar
• De Beer, A. S., V. Malila, S. Beckett, and H. Wasserman. 2016. “Binary Opposities – Can South African Journalists Be Both Watchdogs and Developmental Journalists?” Journal of African Media Studies 8 (1): 35–53. doi: 10.1386/jams.8.1.35_1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan, J. 2016. Protest Porn. Pietermaritzburg: University of KwaZulu-Natal.
   Google Scholar
• Entman, R. 1993. “Framing: Towards Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm.” In McQuail’s Reader in Mass Communication Theory, edited by D. McQuail, 390–397. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Friedman, S. 2011. “Whose Freedom? South Africa’s Press, Middle-class Bias and the Threat of Control.” Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies 32 (2): 106–121. doi: 10.1080/02560054.2011.578887
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garman, A., and V. Malila. 2016. “How SA’s Media Deny the Youth a Voice.” Rand Daily Mail, February 24. Accessed October 24, 2016. http://www.rdm.co.za/politics/2016/02/24/how-sa-s-media-deny-the-youth-a-voice.
   Google Scholar
• Garman, A., and V. Malila. 2017. “Listening and the Ambiguities of Voice in South African Journalism.” Communicatio 43 (1): 1–16. doi: 10.1080/02500167.2016.1226914
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanitzsch, T. 2007. “Deconstructing Journalism Culture: Toward a Universal Theory.” Communication Theory 17 (4): 367–385. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2885.2007.00303.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harber, A. 2005. “South Africa: Commercial Pressure as Insidious as Political.” Business Day, May 4. Accessed December 4, 2016. http://allafrica.com/stories/200505040239.html.
   Google Scholar
• Heller, P. 2009. “Democratic Deepening in India and South Africa.” Journal of Asian and African Studies 44 (1): 123–149. doi: 10.1177/0021909608098679
   Google Scholar
• Hesmondhalgh, D. 2006. “Discourse Analysis and Content Analysis.” In Analysing Media Texts, edited by M. Gillespie and J. Toynbee, 119–156. Berkshire: Open University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jha, S. 2008. “Why They Wouldn’t Cite From Sites: A Study of Journalists’ Perceptions of Social Movement Web Sites and the Impact on Their Coverage of Social Protest.” Journalism 9 (6): 711–732. doi: 10.1177/1464884908096242
   Google Scholar
• Krippendorff, K. 2004. Content Analysis: An Introduction to its Methodology. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Mbeki, T. 2003. “Our Country Needs Facts, Not Groundless Allegations.” ANC Today, 3 (21), May 30. Accessed October 24, 2016. http://www.anc.org.za/docs/anctoday/2003/at21.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Ndlovu, M. 2015. “The Great SA Media Debate: You are All Wrong in Some Respects, Right in Others.” The Media Online, September 3. Accessed October 24, 2016. http://themediaonline.co.za/2015/09/the-great-sa-media-debate-you-are-all-wrong-in-some-respects-right-in-others/.
   Google Scholar
• Ndlovu, M. 2016. “Media Regulation the Hottest Topic at DoC’s Print Media Colloquium.” The Media Online, August 29. Accessed October 24, 2016. http://themediaonline.co.za/2016/08/media-regulation-the-hottest-topic-at-docs-print-media-colloquium/.
   Google Scholar
• Pithouse, R. 2007. “The University of Abahlali Base Mjondolo. Voices of Resistance from Occupied London.” Accessed October 31, 2017. http://abahlali.org/node/2814/.
   Google Scholar
• Pithouse, R. 2008. “A Politics of the Poor: Shack Dwellers’ Struggles in Durban.” Journal of Asian and African Studies 43 (1): 63–94. doi: 10.1177/0021909607085588
   Google Scholar
• Rao, S., and H. Wasserman. 2015. “A Media Not for All.” Journalism Studies 16 (5): 651–662. doi: 10.1080/1461670X.2015.1054173
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards, T., and B. King. 2000. “An Alternative to the Fighting Frame in News Reporting.” Canadian Journal of Communication 25 (4): 479–496. doi: 10.22230/cjc.2000v25n4a1176
   Google Scholar
• Sparks, C. 2009. “South African Media in Transition.” Journal of African Media Studies 1 (2): 195–220. doi: 10.1386/jams.1.2.195_1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasserman, H. 2005. “Debating the Media, Shaping Identity: Postcolonial Discourse and Public Criticism.” Communicatio 31 (1): 49–60. doi: 10.1080/02500160508538011
   Google Scholar
• Wasserman, H. 2010. Tabloid Journalism in South Africa: True Story! Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wasserman, H., W. Chuma, and T. Bosch. 2018. “Print Media Coverage of Service Delivery Protests in South Africa: A Content Analysis.” African Studies 77 (1): 145–156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar