Voting Preferences of Protesters and Non-protesters in Three South African Elections (2014–2019): Revisiting the ‘Ballot and the Brick’

References

• Alexander, Peter. 2010. “Rebellion of the Poor: South Africa’s Service Delivery Protests – A Preliminary Analysis.” Review of African Political Economy 37 (123): 25–40. doi: 10.1080/03056241003637870
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander, Peter. 2015. South Africa’s Twin Rebellions: Bifurcated Protest. Accessed August 14, 2018. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/south-africas-twin-rebellions-bifurcated-protest/.
   Google Scholar
• Alexander, Kate. 2019. From Rebellion of the Poor to Revolution of the People?. Public lecture delivered at Centre for Social Change Colloquium, Social Change from Below, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, June 12.
   Google Scholar
• Alexander, Peter, Carin Runciman, Trevor Ngwane, Boikanyo Moloto, Kgothatso Mokgele, and Nicole van Staden. 2018. “Frequency and Turmoil: South Africa’s Community Protests 2005–2017.” South African Crime Quarterly 63: 27–42. doi: 10.17159/2413-3108/2018/v0n63a3057
   Google Scholar
• Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project. 2019. What is ACLED? Accessed July 3, 2019. https://www.acleddata.com/about-acled/.
   Google Scholar
• Bautista, Rene, Mario Callegaro, Vladimir Paniotto, Natalya Kharchenko, and Fritz Scheuren. 2008. “Exit Poll Methodologies Across Nations: Some Constraints and Measurement Problems.” Paper presented at the 3MC conference, Berlin, Germany, June 25–28.
   Google Scholar
• Bond, Patrick, and Shauna Mottiar. 2013. “Movements, Protests and a Massacre in South Africa.” Journal of Contemporary African Studies 31 (2): 283–302. doi: 10.1080/02589001.2013.789727
   Google Scholar
• Booysen, Susan. 2007. “With the Ballot and the Brick: The Politics of Attaining Service Delivery.” Progress in Development Studies 7 (1): 21–32. doi: 10.1177/146499340600700103
   Google Scholar
• Bhorat, Haroon, and David Tseng 2014. South Africa's Strike Data Revisited. Accessed October 23, 2019. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2014/04/02/south-africas-strike-data-revisited/.
   Google Scholar
• Booysen, Susan. 2012. “The Ballot and the Brick – Enduring Under Duress.” In Local Elections in South Africa: Parties, People, Politics, edited by S. Booysen, 295–312. Bloemfontein: Sun Media.
   Google Scholar
• Booysen, Susan. 2016. Fees Must Fall: Student Revolt, Decolonisation and Governance in South Africa. Johannesburg: Wits University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cilliers, Charles. 2018. “Women Don’t Vote for EFF, because we Don’t Make Any Sense.” The Citizen, August 9. https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1993470/women-dont-vote-for-eff-because-we-dont-make-any-sense-malema/.
   Google Scholar
• Friedman, Steven. 2015. “Archipelagos of Dominance: Party Fiefdoms and South African Democracy.” Comparative Governance and Politics 9: 139–159.
   Google Scholar
• Galais, Carol. 2014. “Don’t Vote for Them: The Effects of the Spanish Indignant Movement on Attitudes About Voting.” Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 24 (3): 334–350. doi: 10.1080/17457289.2014.887089
   Google Scholar
• Gentle, Leonard. 2015. “What About the Workers? The Demise of COSATU and the Emergence of a New Movement.” Review of African Political Economy 42 (146): 666–677. doi: 10.1080/03056244.2015.1085729
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giliomee, Hermann, James Myburgh, and Lawrence Schlemmer. 2001. “Dominant Party Rule, Opposition Parties and Minorities in South Africa.” Democratization 8 (1): 161–182. doi: 10.1080/714000181
   Google Scholar
• Gouws, Amanda. 2014. “Women and the Election: The ‘Not So Good’ Story to Tell.” In Election 2014 South Africa: The Campaigns, Results and Future Prospects, edited by C. Schulz-Herzenberg, and R. Southall, 122–127. Auckland Park: Jacana.
   Google Scholar
• Habib, Adam, and Collette Schulz-Herzenberg. 2011. “Democratization and Parliamentary Opposition in Contemporary South Africa: The 2009 National and Provincial Elections in Perspective.” Politikon 38 (2): 191–210. doi: 10.1080/02589346.2011.580121
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heffernan, Anne, and Noor Nieftagodien. 2016. Students Must Rise: Youth Struggle in South Africa Before and Beyond Soweto ‘76. Johannesburg: Wits University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Human Sciences Research Council. 2014. IEC Voter Participation Survey 2013/14: An Overview of Results. Accessed July 3, 2019. https://www.elections.org.za/content/Documents/Research-and-Statistics/Voter-Participation-Surveys/Slide-Presentation-of-HSRC-2013-Voter-Participation-Survey-(PDF)/.
   Google Scholar
• Kersting, Norbert. 2007. “Electoral Reform in Southern Africa: Voter Turnout, Electoral Rules and Infrastructure.” Journal of African Elections 6 (1): 134–151. doi: 10.20940/JAE/2007/v6i1a6
   Google Scholar
• Khumalo, Siphumelele. 2019. “We Will Not Vote, Say Residents.” The Star, April 11.
   Google Scholar
• Lodge, Tom. 2003. “Voter Abstention in the South African General Election of 1999.” Representation 39 (2): 105–118. doi: 10.1080/00344890308523380
   Google Scholar
• Mabena, Sipho. 2016. “Vuwani: The No Show Counts.” The Times, August 5.
   Google Scholar
• Mattes, Robert. 2014. “The 2014 Election and South African Democracy.” In Election 2014 South Africa: The Campaigns, Results and Future Prospects, edited by C. Schulz-Herzenberg, and R. Southal, 20–41. Auckland Park: Jacana.
   Google Scholar
• McAdam, Doug, and Sidney Tarrow. 2010. “Ballots and Barricades: On the Reciprocal Relationship Between Elections and Social Movements.” Perspectives on Politics 8 (2): 529–542. doi: 10.1017/S1537592710001234
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mkhize, Vumani, and Graeme Raubenheimer. 2014. Bekkersdal Vows to Boycott Voter Registration. Accessed July 3, 2019. http://ewn.co.za/2014/02/08/Bekkersdal-vows-to-boycott-voter-registration.
   Google Scholar
• Moseley, Mason, and Daniel Moreno. 2010. “The Normalization of Protest in Latin America.” Americas Barometer Insight 42: 1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Nicolson, Greg. 2014. “Kasrills and the ‘Vote No’ Campaign: Point of No Return.” Daily Maverick. Accessed July 3, 2019. https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2014-04-15-kasrils-and-the-vote-no-campaign-point-of-no-return/.
   Google Scholar
• Norris, Pippa. 2002. Democratic Phoenix: Reinventing Political Activism. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ntshidi, Edwin. 2019. “Protests to Spike Ahead of Election, Warns Municipal IQ.” EWN, April 12. Accessed July 2, 2019. https://ewn.co.za/2019/04/11/municipal-iq-warns-of-spike-in-service-delivery-protests-across-sa.
   Google Scholar
• Ntshobane, Sikho. 2016. “Mayors say sorry after protests and threat to snub poll.” Daily Dispatch, March 14.
   Google Scholar
• Oyedemi, Toks, and Desline Mahlatji. 2016. “The ‘Born-Free’ Non-Voting Youth: A Study of Voter Apathy Among a Selected Cohort of South African Youth.” Politikon 43 (3): 311–323. doi: 10.1080/02589346.2016.1160857
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paret, Marcel. 2016. Local Government Elections 2016: Some Preliminary Findings from an Exit Poll of Voters. Accessed September 30, 2019. https://www.uj.ac.za/newandevents/Documents/LGE%202016%20Report%20CR%2011%2001_Final%20Cover%20Included.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Paret, Marcel. 2017. “Southern Resistance in Critical Perspective.” In Southern Resistance in Critical Perspective: The Politics of Protest in South Africa’s Contentious Democracy, edited by M. Paret, C. Runciman, and Luke Sinwell, 1–18. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Paret, Marcel, and Carin Runciman. 2019. Who Votes? Preliminary Findings from an Exit Survey of Voters in the 2019 National Elections. Accessed September 30, 2019. https://www.uj.ac.za/contact/Documents/Final%202019%20election%20report.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Power, Timothy J., and Timmons J. Roberts. 1995. “Compulsory Voting, Invalid Ballots and Abstention in Brazil.” Political Research Quarterly 48: 795–826. doi: 10.1177/106591299504800407
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Runciman, Carin. 2016. “The “Ballot and the Brick”: Protest, Voting and Non-Voting in Post-Apartheid South Africa.” Journal of Contemporary African Studies 34 (4): 419–436. doi: 10.1080/02589001.2017.1287347
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Runciman, Carin. 2018. “New Amendments to Labour Legislation are Likely to Increase Unprotected Strikes.” Business Day, February 8. Accessed September 30, 2019. https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-02-08-new-amendments-to-labour-legislation-are-likely-to-increase-unprotected-strikes/.
   Google Scholar
• Runciman, Carin, Peter Alexander, Mahlatse Rampedi, Boikanyo Moloto, Boitumelo Maruping, Eunice Khumalo, and Selaphi Sibanda. 2016. Counting Police Recorded Protests: Estimates Based on SAPS Data. South African Research Chair in Social Change: Johannesburg University of Johannesburg.
   Google Scholar
• Runciman, Carin, Linah Nkuna, and Pier Paulo Frassinelli. 2017. “Survey Sheds Light on Who Marched Against Zuma and Why.” The Conversation Africa, April 20. Accessed September 30, 2019. https://theconversation.com/survey-sheds-light-on-who-marched-against-president-zuma-and-why-76271.
   Google Scholar
• Ryabchuck, Anastasia. 2016. “Voter Abstention in South African 2014 Elections: Beyond the Apathy Argument.” Transformation 92: 37–59. doi: 10.1353/trn.2016.0026
   Google Scholar
• Saul, John S., and Patrick Bond. 2014. South Africa - The Present as History: From Mrs Ples to Mandela and Marikana. Rochester, NY: Boydell & Brewer Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Saunders, Clare. 2014. “Anti-Politics in Action? Measurement Dilemmas in the Study of Unconventional Political Participation.” Political Research Quarterly 67 (3): 574–588. doi: 10.1177/1065912914530513
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz-Herzenberg, Collette. 2016. “Shifting Electoral Trends, Participation and Party Support.” Journal of Public Administration 51 (3): 487–512.
   Google Scholar
• Schulz-Herzenberg, Collette. 2019a. “Trends in Voter Participation: Registration, Turnout and the Disengaging Electorate.” In Election 2019: Change and Stability in South Africa’s Democracy, edited by C. Schulz-Herzenberg, and R. Southall, 44–65. Auckland Park: Jacana Media.
   Google Scholar
• Schulz-Herzenberg, Collette. 2019b. “To Vote or Not? Testing Micro-Level Theories of Voter Turnout in South Africa’s 2014 General Election.” Politikon 46 (2): 139–156. doi: 10.1080/02589346.2019.1595879
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schussman, Alan, and Sarah A. Soule. 2005. “Process and Protest: Accounting for Individual Protest Participation.” Social Forces 84: 1083–1108. doi: 10.1353/sof.2006.0034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomlinson, Mark, Wesley Solomon, Yages Singh, Tanya Doherty, Mickey Chopra, Petrida Ijumba, Alexander C. Tsai, and Debra Jackson. 2009. “The Use of Mobile Phones as a Data Collection Tool: A Report From a Household Survey in South Africa.” BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 9 (1): 1–8. doi: 10.1186/1472-6947-9-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar