Academic Mobility as Freedom in Africa

References

• African Union. 2018. “First Progress Report of the Chairperson of the Commission on Academic Mobility Scheme in Africa.” Meeting of the Permanent Representatives’ Committee, March 29, 2018 Addis Ababa. https://au.int/en/documents/20180329/first-progress-report-chairperson-commission-academic-mobility-scheme-africa.
   Google Scholar
• Alasuutari, Pertti. 1995. Researching Culture: Qualitative Method and Cultural Studies. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Altbach, Philip G. 2004. “Higher Education Crosses Borders: Can the United States Remain the Top Destination for Foreign Students?” Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning 36 (2): 18–25. doi:10.1080/00091380409604964.
   Google Scholar
• Altbach, Philip, Maria Yudkevich, and Laura E. Rumbley. 2015. “Academic Inbreeding: Local Challenge, Global Problem.” In Academic Inbreeding and Mobility in Higher Education: Global Perspectives, edited by Maria Yudkevich, Philip G. Altbach, and Laura E. Rumbley, 1–16. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Appiagyei-Atua, Kwadwo, Klaus D. Beiter, and Terence Karran. 2016. “A Review of Academic Freedom in African Universities Through the Prism of the 1997 ILO/UNESCO Recommendation.” AAUP Journal of Academic Freedom 7 (2): 1–23.
   Google Scholar
• Beiter, Klaus. 2014. “The Protection of the Right to Academic Mobility under International Human Rights law.” In International Perspectives on Higher Education Research, Volume 11, Academic Mobility, edited by Nina Maadad, and Malcolm Tight, 243–265. Bingley: Emerald Group. doi:10.1108/S1479-3628_2014_0000011019.
   Google Scholar
• Berlin, Isaiah. 1969. Four Essays on Liberty. London: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bilecen, Başak, and Christof Van Mol. 2017. “Introduction: International Academic Mobility and Inequalities.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 43 (8): 1241–1255. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2017.1300225.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Börjesson, Mikael. 2017. “The Global Space of International Students in 2010.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 43 (8): 1256–1275. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2017.1300228.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conseil Africain et Malgache pour l’Enseignement Supérieur. 2020. “Missions.” February 24, 2020. https://www.lecames.org/missions/.
   Google Scholar
• Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, et al. 2020. “V-Dem Dataset v10”. Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds20.
   Google Scholar
• Dervin, Fred. 2011. “Introduction.” In Analysing the Consequences of Academic Mobility and Migration, edited by Fred Dervin, 1–10. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Fahey, Johannah, and Jane Kenway. 2010. “International Academic Mobility: Problematic and Possible Paradigms.” Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 31 (5): 563–575. doi:10.1080/01596306.2010.516937.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fatunde, Tunde. 2017. “President Cracks Down on, Shuts Anglophone Universities.” Times Higher Education News, October 10. https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20171010121644957.
   Google Scholar
• Good, Kenneth. 2017. “Democracy and Development in Botswana.” Journal of Contemporary African Studies 35 (1): 113–128. doi:10.1080/02589001.2016.1249447.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Good, Kenneth, and Ian Taylor. 2006. “Unpacking the ‘Model’: Presidential Succession in Botswana.” In Legacies of Power, edited by Roger Southall and Henning Melber, 51–72. Cape Town: HSRC Press and Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Unpacking%20the%20%E2%80%98model%E2%80%99%3A%20Presidential%20succession%20in%20Botswana&author=K.%20Good&author=T.%20Ian&publication_year=2006.
   Google Scholar
• Grimm, Jannis, and Ilyas Saliba. 2017. “Free Research in Fearful Times: Conceptualizing an Index to Monitor Academic Freedom.” Interdisciplinary Political Studies 3 (1): 41–75. doi:10.1285/i20398573v3n1p41.
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman, David M. 2009. “Changing Academic Mobility Patterns and International Migration: What Will Academic Mobility Mean in the 21st Century?” Journal of Studies in International Education 13 (3): 347–364.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurst, Ellen. 2014. “English and the Academy for African Skilled Migrants: The Impact of English as an ‘Academic Lingua Franca’.” In International Perspectives on Higher Education Research Volume 11, Academic Mobility, edited by Nina Maadad and Malcolm Tight, 153–173. Emerald Group: Bingley.
   Google Scholar
• Katsakioris, Constantin. 2019. “The Lumumba University in Moscow: Higher Education for a Soviet–Third World Alliance, 1960–91.” Journal of Global History 14 (2): 281–300. doi:10.1017/S174002281900007X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Terri. 2009. “Transnational Academic Mobility, Internationalization and Interculturality in Higher Education.” Intercultural Education 20 (5): 395–405. doi:10.1080/14675980903371241.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, Terri. 2010. “Transnational Academic Mobility, Knowledge and Identity Capital.” Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 31 (5): 577–591.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight, Jane, and Emnet Tadesse Woldegiorgis. 2017. “Academic Mobility in Africa.” In Regionalization of African Higher Education: Progress and Prospects, edited by Jane Knight and Emnet Tadesse Woldegiorgis, 113–133. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Kratou, Hajer, and Liisa Laakso. 2020. “Academic Freedom and the Quality of Democracy in Africa.” The Varieties of Democracy Institute, Users Working Paper Series (33).
   Google Scholar
• Kritz, Mary. 2015. “International Student Mobility and Tertiary Education Capacity in Africa.” International Migration 53 (1): 29–49, 53. doi:10.1111/imig.12053.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L’Agence universitaire de la Francophonie. 2020. “Qui Nous Sommes.” February 24, 2020. https://www.auf.org/a-propos/qui-nous-sommes/.
   Google Scholar
• Mamdani, Mahmood. 2019. “Decolonising Universities.” In Decolonisation in Universities: The Politics of Knowledge, edited by Jonathan D. Jansen, 15–28. Johannesburg, South Africa: Wits University Press.
   Google Scholar
• McKay, Vernon. 1968. “The Research Climate in Eastern Africa.” African Studies Bulletin 11 (1): 1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Mogalakwe, Monageng, and Francis Nyamnjoh. 2017. “Botswana at 50: Democratic Deficit, Elite Corruption and Poverty in the Midst of Plenty.” Journal of Contemporary African Studies 35 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1080/02589001.2017.1286636.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukeredzi, Tonderayi. 2019. “University Staffers Say They Cannot Afford to Work.” University World News, July 11, 2019. https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20190710141523655.
   Google Scholar
• Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. 2015. “Decoloniality as the Future of Africa.” History Compass 13 (10): 485–496. doi:10.1111/hic3.12264.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. 2018. Epistemic Freedom in Africa: Deprovincialization and Decolonization. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Nganang, Patrice. 2017. “Cameroun: carnet de route de l’écrivain Patrice Nganang en zone (dite) Anglophone.” Jeune Afrique, January 5, 2017. https://www.jeuneafrique.com/499512/politique/cameroun-carnet-de-route-de-lecrivain-patrice-nganang-en-zone-dite-anglophone/.
   Google Scholar
• Oucho, John. 2008. “African Brain Drain and Gain, Diaspora and Remittances: More Rhetoric Than Action.” In International Migration and National Development in Sub-Saharan Africa, edited by Adepoju Aderanti, Ton van Naerssen, and Annelies Zoomers, 49–66. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Ramirez, Francisco O., and Tom Christensen. 2013. “The Formalization of the University: Rules, Roots, and Routes.” Higher Education 65: 695–708. doi:10.1007/s10734-012-9571-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Said, Edward. 1994. Representations of the Intellectual. London: Vintage.
   Google Scholar
• Saunders, Benjamin, Julius Sim, Tom Kingstone, Shula Baker, Jackie Waterfield, Bernadette Bartlam, Heather Burroughs, and Clare Jinks. 2018. “Saturation in Qualitative Research: Exploring its Conceptualization and Operationalization.” Quality & Quantity 52: 1893–1907. doi:10.1007/s11135-017-0574-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman, David. 2016. Qualitative Research. . Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Smallwood, Anthony, and Ted L Maliyamkono. 1996. “Regional Cooperation and Mobility in Higher Education: The Implications for Human Resource Development in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Relevance of Recent Initiatives to Europe.” In Academic Mobility in a Changing World: Regional and Global Trends, edited by Peggy Blumenthal, Crauford Goodwin, Alan Smith, and Ulrich Teichler, 320–337. London: J. Kingsley.
   Google Scholar
• Spannagel, Janika, Katrin Kinzelbach, and Ilyas Saliba. 2020. “The Academic Freedom Index and Other New Indicators Relating to Academic Space: An Introduction.” The Varieties of Democracy Institute, Users Working Paper Series (26).
   Google Scholar
• Stensaker, Bjørn, Jenny J. Lee, Gary Rhoadesb, Sowmya Ghosh, Santiago Castiello-Gutiérrez, Hillary Vanceb, Alper Çalıkoğlu, et al. 2019. “Stratified University Strategies: The Shaping of Institutional Legitimacy in a Global Perspective.” The Journal of Higher Education 90 (4): 539–562.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teferra, Damtew. 2000. “Revisiting the Doctrine of Human Capital Mobility in the Information Age.” In Brain Drain and Capacity Building in Africa, Exode des Dompetences et Developpement Descapacites en Afrique, edited by Sibry JM Tapsoba, Sabiou Kassoljm, Pascal V. Holieno, Bankole Oni, Meera Sethi, and Joseph Ngu, 62–77. Addis Ababa: ECA/IDRC/IOM.
   Google Scholar
• Tettey, Wisdom, and Korbla P. Puplampu. 2000. “Social Science Research and the Africanist: The Need for Intellectual and Attitudinal Reconfiguration.” African Studies Review 43 (3): 81–102.
   Google Scholar
• The Kampala Declaration on Intellectual Freedom and Social Responsibility. 1990. Dakar: Codesria. http://abahlali.org/files/Kampala%20Declaration.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Tournès, Ludovic, and Giles Scott-Smith. 2017. “A World of Exchanges: Conceptualizing the History of International Scholarship Programs (Nineteenth to Twenty-First Centuries).” In Global Exchanges: Scholarship Programs and Transnational Circulations in the Modern World, edited by Ludovic Tournès, and Giles Scott-Smith, 1–29. New York: Berghahn Books.
   Google Scholar
• Tsie, Balefi. 1996. “The Political Context of Botswana’s Development Performance.” Journal of Southern African Studies 22 (4): 599–616. doi:10.1080/03057079608708514.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UIS (UNESCO Institute for Statistics). 2020a. February 19. https://data.uis.unesco.org/#.
   Google Scholar
• UIS (UNESCO Institute for Statistics). 2020b. February 19. https://uis.unesco.org/en/uis-student-flow.
   Google Scholar
• University of Botswana. 2020. “Office of International Education and Partnerships.” February 20, 2020. https://www.ub.bw/discover/administration-and-support/office-international-education-and-partnerships.
   Google Scholar
• University of Zimbabwe. 2020a. “Our Mission.” February 23, 2020. https://www.uz.ac.zw/index.php/our-mission.
   Google Scholar
• University of Zimbabwe. 2020b. “Strategic Goals.” February 23, 2020. https://www.uz.ac.zw/index.php/about-uz/uofz-overview/strategic-goals.
   Google Scholar
• University of Zimbabwe. 2020c. “Why Choose UZ.” February 23, 2020. https://www.uz.ac.zw/index.php/admissions/why-uz.
   Google Scholar
• Woldegiorgis, Emnet Tadesse, and Martin Doevenspeck. 2015. “Current Trends, Challenges and Prospects of Student Mobility in the African Higher Education Landscape.” International Journal of Higher Education 4 (2): 105–115.
   Google Scholar