Publication Cover
Politikon
South African Journal of Political Studies
Volume 48, 2021 - Issue 1
954
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Mythmaking, Identity Formation and Ethnic Nationalism in Post-colonial Nigeria Through the Lens of Yoruba and Igbo Nationalism

ORCID Icon

References

  • Achebe, C. 1982. “Interview with Anthony Appiah.” Times Literary Supplement. D.A.N. Jones & John Ryle.
  • Adebanwi, W. 2014. Yoruba Elites and Ethnic Politics: Obafemi Awolowo and Corporate Agency. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Afigbo, A. 1983. “Traditions of Igbo Origins: A Comment.” History in Africa 10: 1–11. doi:10.2307/3171687.
  • Afolayan, A. 2006. “Rawls in the African Predicament: Some Theoretical Considerations.” AmeriQuests 4 (1): 1–11.
  • Ake, C. 1993. “What is the Problem of Ethnicity in Africa?” Transformation 22: 1–14.
  • Anber, P. 1967. “Modernisation and Political Disintegration: Nigeria and the Ibos.” Journal of Modern African Studies 15 (2): 163–169.
  • Appiah, K. A. 1992. In my Father‘s House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Atanda, J.A. 1969. “The Iseyin-Okeiho Rising of 1916: An Example of Socio-Political Conflicts in Colonial Africa.” Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 4 (4): 497–514.
  • Atanda, J. A. 1990. An Introduction to Yoruba History. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press.
  • Awe, B. 1973. “Militarism and Economic Development in Nineteenth Century Yoruba Country: The Ibadan Example.” Journal of African History 14: 65–77.
  • Awolalu, O. 1979. Yoruba Beliefs and Sacrificial Rites. Essex: Longman.
  • Awolowo, O. 1960. Awo: An Autobiography of Chief Obafemi Awolowo. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Babatunde, E. D. 1992. A Critical Study of Bini and Yoruba Value Systems of Nigeria in Change – Culture, Religion and the Self. New York: The Edwin Mellen Press.
  • Badmus, I. A. 2009. Under Reconstruction: Ethnicity, Ethnic Nationalism, and the Future of the Nigerian State. Verfassung Und Recht in Übersee/Law and politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America, 212–239.
  • Badru, P. 2010. “Ethnic Conflict and State Formation in Post-Colonial Africa: A Comparative Study of Ethnic Genocide in the Congo, Liberia, Nigeria, and Rwanda-Burundi.” Journal of Third World Studies 27 (2): 149–169.
  • Bakwesegha, C. J. 2004. Ethnic Conflict and the Colonial Legacy. Facing Ethnic Conflicts. Toward a New Realism, edited by Andreas Wimmer, Richard J. Goldstone, Donald L. Horowitz, Ulrike Joras and Conrad Schetter, 53–60.
  • Balogun, O. A. 2009. “A Philosophical Defence of Punishment in Traditional African Legal Culture: The Yoruba Example.” The Journal of Pan African Studies 3 (3): 43–54.
  • Beier, U. 1955. “The Historical and Psychological Significance of Yoruba Myths.” In Biobaku & Beier. The Use and Interpretation of Myths. Odu 1, 17–25.
  • Bhabha, H. K. 1994. The Location of Culture. London: Routledge.
  • Blanton, Robert, T. David Mason, and Brian Athow. 2001. “Colonial style and Post-colonial Ethnic Conflict in Africa.” Journal of Peace Research 38 (4): 473–491.
  • Bowen, T. J. 1968. Adventures and Missionary Labours in Several Countries in the Interior of Africa from 1849–1856. London: Frank Cass.
  • Brighton, S. A. 2004. “Symbols, Myth-making, and Identity: The Red Hand of Ulster in Late Nineteenth-Century Paterson, New Jersey.” International Journal of Historical Archaeology 8 (2): 149–164.
  • Buchanan, K. M., and J. C. Pugh. 1962. Land and People in Nigeria: The Human Geography of Nigeria and Its Environmental Background. London: University of London Press.
  • Buhaug, H., L. E. Cederman, and K. S. Gleditsch. 2014. “Square Pegs in Round Holes: Inequalities, Grievances, and Civil War.” International Studies Quarterly 58 (2): 418–431.
  • Bulmer, M. 1986. “Race and Ethnicity”. In Key Variables in Social Investigation, edited by Robert G. Burgess, 54–75. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
  • Calvocoressi, D., and N. David. 1979. “A New Survey of Radiocarbon and Thermoluminescence Dates for West Africa.” Journal of African History 20: 1–29.
  • Canci, H., and O. A. Odukoya. 2016. “Ethnic and Religious Crises in Nigeria: A Specific Analysis Upon Identities (1999–2013).” African Journal on Conflict Resolution 16 (1): 87–110.
  • Capozza, D., and R. Brown. 2000. Social Identity Processes. London: Sage Publications.
  • Castells, M. 2004. The Power of Identity – The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture. 2. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
  • Central Intelligence Agency. 2016. The World Factbook 2016. https://www.cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.html.
  • Chazan, N., R. Mortimer, J. Ravenhill, and D. Rothchild. 1988. Politics and Society in Contemporary Africa. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Chuka, A. F., and A. H. Udumaga. 2016. “Ethnic Conflict in Pluralist Nigeria: Entrenching Participatory Democracy.” Journal of Religion and Human Relations 8 (2): 135–157.
  • Coleman, J. S. 1971, 1958. Nigeria: Background to Nationalism. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Connor, W. 1994. Ethnonationalism: The Quest for Understanding. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Crowder. 1962. The Story of Nigeria. London: Faber.
  • Deng, F. M. 1997. “Ethnicity: An African Predicament.” the Brookings Review 15 (3): 28–31.
  • Diamond, L. 1988. Class, Ethnicity and Democracy in Nigeria: The Failure of the First Republic. New York: Syracuse University Press.
  • Doornbos, M. R. 1972. “Some Conceptual Problems Concerning Ethnicity in Integration Analysis/Problemes Ideologiques Relatifs A L'ethnicite Dans L'analyse De l'integration.” Civilisations 22 (2): 263–284.
  • Drewal, H. J. 1989. Yoruba: Nine Centuries of African Art and Thought. New York: Center for African Art.
  • Ekeh, P. P. 1975. “Colonialism and the Two Publics in Africa: A Theoretical Statement.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 17 (1): 91–112.
  • Equiano, O. 2001. The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano. New York: Broadview Press.
  • Falaiye, M. 1996. “African Socialism and the Dilemma of African Identity.” The Journal of Advancement of Africans and Blacks in the Diaspora (JAABID) 1 (1): 91–103.
  • Falaiye, M. 2012. A Philosopher Interrogates African Polis: How Can We Get it Right? Akoka: Inaugural Lecture, University of Lagos.
  • Falola, T. 2018. The Falola Reader on African Culture, Nationalism Development and Epistemologies. Texas: Pan African University Press.
  • Farrow, S. S. 1926. Faith, Fancies and Fetish, or Yoruba Paganism. New York: Negro University Press.
  • Fearon, J. D. 2006. “Ethnic Mobilization and Ethnic Violence.” In The Oxford Handbook of Political Economy, edited by B.R. Weingast, and D. A. Wittman, 852–868. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Friedman, J. 1992. “Myth, History and Political Identity.” Cultural Anthropology 7 (2): 194–210.
  • Frobenius, L. 1913. The Voice of Africa. Volume 2. London: Hutchinson.
  • Geertz, C. 1963. The Integrative Revolution: Primordial Sentiments and Civil Politics in the New States.
  • Gellner, E. 1998. Nationalism. London: Orion Books.
  • Harneit-Sievers, A. 2006. Constructions of Belonging Igbo Communities and the Nigerian State in the Twentieth Century. New York: University of Rochester Press.
  • Horowitz, D. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley, LA: University of California Press.
  • Idowu, E. B. 1962. Olodumare: God in Yoruba Belief. London: Longmans.
  • Isichei, E. 1983. A History of Nigeria. New York: Longman.
  • Iyekekpolo, W. O. 2020. “Political Elites and the Rise of the Boko Haram Insurgency in Nigeria.” Terrorism and Political Violence 32 (4): 749–767.
  • Jekayinfa, A. A. 2002. “Implication of Competitive Ethnicity in the Process of National Building in Nigeria.” Nigerian Journal of Social Studies IV: 1–6.
  • Johnson, S. C. 1921. The History of the Yorubas: From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the British Protectorate. London: Rutledge & Paul.
  • Kaplan, R. D. 2000. The Coming Anarchy. New York, 5–15.
  • Keesing, R. 1990. “Creating the Past: Custom and Identity in the Contemporary Pacific.” Contemporary Pacific 1 (1–2): 19–42.
  • Lake, d. A. 1995. Ethnic Conflict and International Intervention (No. 3). University of California, Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation.
  • Law, R. C. C. 1977. The Ọyọ Empire (c.1600–1836): A West African Imperialism in the Era of the Atlantic Slave Trade. Oxford: Clarendon.
  • Lewis, P., and B. Michael. 2000. Attitudes Towards Democracy and Markets in Nigeria: Report of a National Opinion Survey, January-February 2000. Washington, D.C.: International Foundation for Election Systems, and Management Systems International.
  • Lucas, J. O. 1948. The Religion of the Yorubas. Lagos: CMS.
  • Mazrui, A., and A. Mazrui. 1998. The Power of Babel: Language and Governance in the African Experience. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Menkiti, I. 2002. “Philosophy and the State in Africa: Some Rawlsian Considerations.” Philosophia Africana: Analysis of Philosophy and Issues in Africa and the Black Diaspora 5 (2): 35–52.
  • Mentan, T. 2015. “Chasing the Shadow: Myths of Nation-building in Postcolonial States.” In Nationalism and Intra-State Conflicts in the Postcolonial World, edited by Fonkem Achankeng, 83–112. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
  • Moller, B. 2003. Conflict Theory. Research Center on Development and International Relations (DIR). Aalborg University, Denmark. Development Research Series, Working Paper No. 122.
  • Moynihan, D. P. 1993. “Pandaemonium. Ethnicity in International Politics.” Vrü Verfassung und Recht in Übersee 27 (1): 66–67.
  • Ndukwe, Pat. 1992. “Igbo Language and Linguistics.” In Groundwork of Igbo History. Ethnohistorical Studies Series, no. 1, edited by A. Afigbo, 660–678. Lagos: Vista.
  • Newman, S. 1991. “Does Modernization Breed Ethnic Political Conflict?” World Politics 43 (3): 451–478.
  • Nnoli, O. 2003. “Ethnic Violence in Nigeria: A Historical Perspective.” In Communal Conflict and Population Displacement in Nigeria, edited by O. Nnoli, 13–45. Enugu: Snaap Press.
  • Nnoli, O. 2007. “Ethnic Conflicts and Democratization in Africa.” Nigerian Journal of Social Sciences 4 (1): 1–23.
  • Northern Region Government. 1966. The Nigerian Situation: Facts and Background. Zaria: Gaskiya Corp.
  • Nzimiro, I. 1972. Studies in Ibo Political System: Chieftaincy and Politics in Four Niger States. London: Frank Cass/University of California Berkeley.
  • Okpanachi, E. 2010. “Ethno-Religious Identity and Conflict in Northern Nigeria”. IFRA (Institut de Recherche Français en Afrique) e-papers. http://www.ifranigeria.org/publications/ifra-e-papers/article/eyene-okpanachi-2010-ethno?
  • Olojede, F. 2011. “The Exodus and Identity Formation in View of the Yoruba Origin and Migration Narratives.” Scriptura 108: 342–356.
  • Olusanya, G. O. 1999. “The Nationalist Movement in Nigeria.” In Groundwork of Nigerian History, edited by Ikime Obaro, 545–569. Ibadan: Heinemann Educational (Nigeria).
  • Omenma, J. T., et al. 2020. “Boko Haram Insurgency: A Decade of Dynamic Evolution and Struggle for a Caliphate.” Security Journal 33: 1–25.
  • Omilusi, M. 2020. “Endless Circle of Self-Determination Rumbling: When the Stick-and-Carrot Strategy Fails, Is Nigeria’s Collective Journey Still Non-Negotiable?” Diverse Journal of Multidisciplinary Research 2 (2): 45–58.
  • Onuoha, G. 2008. “Contemporary Igbo Nationalism and the Crisis of Self-Determination in the Nigerian Public Sphere”, in CODESRIA: Governing the African Public Sphere. Yaoundé.
  • Oriji, J. N. 2011. Political Organization in Nigeria since the Late Stone Age: A History of the Igbo People. New York: Palgrave.
  • Osaghae, E. E., and Rotimi T. Suberu. 2005. “A History of Identities, Violence, and Stability in Nigeria”. CRISE Working Paper No. 6. Oxford, Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity. http://r4d.dfid.gov.uk/PDF/Outputs/Inequality/ wp6.pdf.
  • Otite, O. 1990. Ethnic Pluralism and Ethnicity in Nigeria. Ibadan: Shaneson C.I. Ltd.
  • Otite, O. 2000. “Sociological Dimensions of Researching Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflicts in Nigeria.” A paper presented at the Methodology Workshop, Ethnic Mapping Project Programme on Ethnic and Federal Studies, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
  • Ottenberg, P. 1959. “Ibo Receptivity to Change.” In Continuity and Change in African Cultures, edited by W. R. Bascom, and M. J. Herskovits, 130–143. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Pieterse, J. N., 2004. “Ethnicities and Multiculturalisms: Politics of Boundaries”. In Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Minority Rights, edited by Stephen May, Tariq Modood, and Judith Squires, 27–49. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Rawls, J., 1993. Political Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Ratcliffe, P., ed. 2005. Race, Ethnicity and Nation: International Perspectives on Social Conflict. London: Routledge.
  • Shils, E. 1967. “Color, the Universal Intellectual Community, and the Afro-Asian Intellectual.” Daedalus 96 (2): 279–295.
  • Tamotsu, S., and M. Kwan Kian. 1965. Ethnic Stratification. New York: Macmillan.
  • Taras, R., and R. Ganguly. 2009. Understanding Ethnic Conflict. London: Routledge.
  • Ukeje, C., and W. Adebanwi. 2008. “Ethno-nationalist Claims in Southern Nigeria: Insights From Yoruba and Ijaw Nationalisms Since the 1990s.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 31 (3): 563–591.
  • Uzoigwe, G. N., et al. 1999. “Assessing the History of Ethnic/Religious Relations.” In Inter-Ethnic and Religious Conflict Resolutions in Nigeria, edited by E. E. Uwazie, 7–17. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
  • Willet, F. 1971. “A Survey of Recent Results in the Radiocarbon Chronology of Western and Northern Africa.” Journal of African History 12: 339–370.
  • Wiredu, K. 1996. Cultural Universals and Particulars. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Wiredu, K. 2008. “Social Philosophy in Postcolonial Africa: Some Preliminaries Concerning Communalism and Communitarianism.” South African Journal of Philosophy 27 (4): 332–339.
  • Wood, J. B. 1885. Church Mission Intelligencer: A Monthly Journal of Missionary Information. London: Gilbert & Riving Ton Ltd.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.