References
- Ahmed, Saifuddin, Vivian Hsueh Hua Chen, and Arul Indrasen Chib. 2021. “Xenophobia in the Time of a Pandemic: Social Media Use, Stereotypes, and Prejudice Against Immigrants During the COVID–19 Crisis.” International Journal of Public Opinion Research 33 (3): 637–653. doi:10.1093/ijpor/edab014.
- Bhengu, Cebelihle. 2022. “Dlamini and Operation Dudula Part Ways over Opposing Views on Foreign Nationals.” News 24, July 26. https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/dlamini-and-operation-dudula-part-ways-over-opposing-views-on-foreign-nationals-20220726.
- Bhengu, Lwandile, and Ntwaagae Seleka. 2022. “Dudula Movement: Six Arrested After Violent Clashes in Alexandra.” News 24, March 8. https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/dudula-movement-six-arrested-after-violent-clashes-in-alexandra-20220308.
- Blumenthal, D. 2019. “The One-Two Punch to Asylum Seekers: How the Trump Administration Would Change Asylum as We Know It.” Georgetown Immigration Law Journal 34: 523.
- Bornman, Jan. 2021. “Operation Dudula Pushes Ahead with Hateful Politics.” New Frame, June 24. Accessed April 6, 2022. https://www.newframe.com/operation-dudula-pushes-ahead-with-hateful-politics/.
- Bruce, Lee-Anne. 2017. “Recurrence of Xenophobic Attacks in South Africa.” Accessed April 8, 2022. https://www.wits.ac.za/news/sources/cals-news/2017/recurrence-of-xenophobic-attacks-in-south-africa.html.
- Candeias, Mario. 2011. “Organic Crisis and Capitalist Transformation.” World Review of Political Economy 2 (1): 48–65. doi:10.2307/41931917.
- Cerruti, Claire, and Basani Baloyi. 2020. “Inequality Report 2020: Reclaiming Power: Women’s Work and Income Inequality in South Africa.” Oxfam South Africa, November. Accessed July 30, 2022. https://www.oxfam.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/oxfam-sa-inequality-in-south-africa-report-2020.pdf.
- Cilliers, Jakkie. 2022. “The ANC and South Africa: Visions of the future.” ISS Institute for Security Studies, February 14. Accessed August 13, 2022. https://issafrica.org/research/southern-africa-report/the-anc-and-south-africa-visions-of-the-future.
- Claassen, Christopher. 2017. “Explaining South African Xenophobia.” Working Paper No. 173. Afrobarometer.
- Corlett, Sandra, and Sharon Mavin. 2018. “Reflexivity and Researcher Positionality.” In The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Business and Management Research Methods, edited by Catherine Cassell, Ann Cunliffe, and Gina Grandy, 377–399. London: Sage.
- Cottle, Eddie. 2021. “Potent Brew That Led to South Africa’s Urban Uprising: Pandemic, Recession and a Crisis of Social Reproduction.” Daily Maverick, August 2. Accessed July 30, 2022. https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2021-08-02-potent-brew-that-led-to-south-africas-urban-uprising-pandemic-recession-and-a-crisis-of-social-reproduction/.
- Crush, Jonathan, and Wade Pendleton. 2004. “Southern African Regionalizing Xenophobia?: Citizen Attitudes to Immigration and Refugee Policy in Southern Africa.” Africa Portal. Accessed April 8, 2022. https://www.africaportal.org/publications/regionalizing-xenophobia-citizen-attitudes-immigration-and-refugee-policy-southern-africa/.
- Crush, Jonathan, Sujata Ramachandran, and Wade Pendleton. 2013. “Soft Targets: Xenophobia, Public Violence and Changing Attitudes to Migrants in South Africa after May 2008.” Africa Portal. Accessed April 8, 2022. https://www.africaportal.org/publications/soft-targets-xenophobia-public-violence-and-changing-attitudes-to-migrants-in-south-africa-after-may-2008/.
- Daily Updates ZA. 2022. “Nhlanhla Lux in Diepsloot Joining the March.” YouTube Video, 2:55, April 6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ajfjID22NQ.
- Dludla, Siphelele. 2022. “SA’s Unemployment Rate Likely to Remain the Highest in the World.” IOL, March 30. Accessed July 30, 2022. https://www.iol.co.za/business-report/economy/sas-unemployment-rate-likely-to-remain-the-highest-in-the-world-cb491e32-3958-4b05-b5ba-9a1e9ff9ad41.
- ENCA. 2022. “Panel Discussion: New Quota System for Foreign Labour.” YouTube Video, 24:02, March 5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NM5aD9A8UbE.
- Fihlani, Pumza. 2022. “Dudula: How South African Anger Has Focused on Foreigners.” BBC News, March 13. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60698374.
- General Industries Workers Union of South Africa (GIWUSA). 2022. “GIWUSA Mourns the Xenophobic Murder of Elvis Nyathi – Calls for United Front Against Xenophobia.” Karibu!, April 8. Accessed April 8, 2022. https://karibu.org.za/giwusa-mourns-the-xenophobic-murder-of-elvis-nyathi-calls-for-united-front-against-xenophobia/.
- Goba, Thabiso. 2022. “Operation Dudula Officially Launches in KZN.” The Witness, April 10. Accessed April 10, 2022. https://www.news24.com/witness/news/durban/operation-dudula-officially-launches-in-kzn-20220410.
- Gramsci, Antonio. 1999. Gefängnishefte. Vols. 1–10. Berlin: Argument.
- Guy, Martin. 2021. “900 Service Delivery Protests in South Africa over Six Months.” Accessed August 31, 2022. https://www.defenceweb.co.za/featured/900-service-delivery-protests-in-south-africa-over-six-months/.
- Hagensen, Live. 2014. “Understanding the Causes and the Nature of Xenophobia in South Africa: A Case Study of De Doorns.” Doctoral diss., Stellenbosch University.
- Heywood, Mark. 2022. “March Against Xenophobia and for Social Justice for the ‘Excluded Majority.’” Daily Maverick, March 22. Accessed August 18, 2022. https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-03-22-march-against-xenophobia-and-for-social-justice-for-the-excluded-majority/.
- Jabulani@info. 2022. “Camouflage Army Uniform Land Operation Dudula Member in Jail in Newcastle.” Opera News, May 3. https://twitter.com/nnadv/status/1525016981933522944?t=GwQQatogzwHjP0CnPkWAIg&s=19.
- Jipson, Janice. 1995. “Research as Autobiography: Imposition/Life.” In Repositioning Feminism and Education: Perspectives on Educating for Social Change, edited by Janice Jipson, Munro Petra, Karen Froude Jones, Susan Victor, and Gretchen Freed-Rowland, 21–35. Westport: Greenwood.
- Klotz, Audie. 2012. “South Africa as an Immigration State.” Politikon 39 (2): 189–208. doi:10.1080/02589346.2012.683939.
- Landau, Loren B., ed. 2011. Exorcising the Demons. New York: United Nations UP.
- Ledwaba, Karabo. 2018. “Locals Kick Foreigners Out of RDP Houses in Alexandra.” Sowetan Live, December 19. https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-12-19-locals-kick-foreigners-out-of-rdp-houses-in-alexandra/.
- Lux, Nhlanhla. 2022. “Nhlanhla Lux confronts Joburg Executive Mayor Mpho Phalatse.” YouTube, August 10. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4DljIih4pdI.
- Mahlati, Zinhle. 2022. “Mpho Phalatse Believes She is Still Joburg's Mayor.” News 24, October 5. https://www.news24.com/news24/politics/political-parties/mpho-phalatse-believes-she-is-still-joburgs-mayor-20221005.
- Mangani, Dylan, and Ntsikelelo Breakfast. 2022. “Beyond Liberation Memory Politics: Gramsci’s ‘Organic Crisis’ in South Africa and the Resurgence of Nativism.” Gender and Behaviour 20 (1): 18769–18785.
- Mavhinga, Dewa. 2015. “Dispatches: Xenophobic Violence Rages in Durban, South Africa.” Dispatches, April 14. Accessed April 8, 2022. https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/14/dispatches-xenophobic-violence-rages-durban-south-africa.
- Mbhele, Nqubeko. 2022. “Operation Dudula Take its Fight to Durban Church it Accuses of Harbouring Illegal Foreigners.” Times Live, July 15. https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2022-07-15-operation-dudula-take-its-fight-to-durban-church-it-accuses-of-harbouring-illegal-foreigners/.
- Mbota, Vicky. 2022. “Dudula’s Anti-Illegal Foreigners March Resurface in DK.” Soweto Urban, February 28. Accessed April 8, 2022. https://sowetourban.co.za/98058/dudulas-anti-illegal-foreigners-march-resurface-in-dk/.
- McKinley, Dale. 2022. “Scapegoating ‘Illegal Foreigners’ is No Answer to South Africa’s Historic, Home-Grown Crises.” Mail and Guardian Online, September 8. https://mg.co.za/opinion/2022-09-08-scapegoating-illegal-foreigners-is-no-answer-to-south-africas-historic-home-grown-crises/.
- Media Monitoring Africa. 2021. “Complaint Details: WhatsApp: ‘Operation Dudula’ as of 27/08/2021.” https://real411.co.za/complaints-view/umhw9(95.
- Misago, Jean Pierre. 2016. “Responding to Xenophobic Violence in Post–Apartheid South Africa: Barking up The Wrong Tree?.” African Human Mobility Review 2 (2): 443–467.
- Mlambo, Daniel N. 2019. “A South African Perspective on Immigrants and Xenophobia in Post-1994 South Africa African Renaissance.” Academia.edu. Accessed April 8, 2022. https://www.academia.edu/41609891/A_South_African_perspective_on_immigrants_and_Xenophobia_in_post_1994_South_Africa_African_Renaissance.
- Mthombeni, Z. 2022. “Xenophobia in South Africa: Problematising Ubuntu as an Ethical Response.” The Thinker 93 (4): 63–73. doi:10.36615/the_thinker.v93i4.2207.
- Myeni, Thabi. 2022. “What is Operation Dudula, South Africa’s Anti-migration Vigilante?” Aljazeera, April 8. https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2022/4/8/what-is-operation-dudula-s-africas-anti-immigration-vigilante.
- Newzroom Afrika. 2022. “Soweto Parliament Welcomes the Removal of Dr Mpho Phalatse as City of Joburg Mayor.” Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1250340525809344.
- Nhemachena, Artwel, Munyaradzi Mawere, and Oliver Mtapuri. 2022. “Operation Dudula, Xenophobic Vigilantism and Sovereignty in Twenty-First Century South Africa.” In Sovereignty Becoming Pulvereignty: Unpacking the Dark Side of Slave 4.0 Within Industry 4.0 in Twenty-First Century Africa, edited by Artwell Nhemachena, Oliver Mtapuri, and Munyaradzi Mawere, 153–174. Cameroon: Langaa RPCIG.
- Nkanjeni, Unathi. 2022. “‘Our Grandparents Are Being Sold This’—PA’s Gayton McKenzie on Shops Selling Expired Food.” Times Live, January 17. Accessed April 8, 2022. https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2022-01-17-watch–our-grandparents-are-being-sold-this–pas-gayton-mckenzie-on-shops-selling-expired-food/.
- Nombembe, Philani. 2022. “Operation Dudula Takes Fight to Cape Town Employers Who Hire Foreign Staff.” Times Live, August 10. https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2022-08-10-operation-dudula-takes-fight-to-cape-town-employers-who-hire-foreign-staff/.
- Parnreiter, Christof. 2018. “America First! Donald Trump, the Demise of the US Hegemony and Chaos in the Capitalist World-System.” Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsgeographie 62 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1515/zfw-2017-0024.
- Peberdy, Sally, and Mazibuko K. Jara. 2011. “Humanitarian and Social Mobilization in Cape Town: Civil Society and the May 2008 Xenophobic Violence.” Politikon 38 (1): 37–57. doi:10.1080/02589346.2011.548664.
- Peralta, Eyder. 2022. “A Movement Gains Force to ‘Put South Africans First,’ and to Drive Migrants Out.” June 14. Accessed July 30, 2022. https://www.npr.org/2022/06/07/1103445432/south-africa-anti-immigrant-operation-dudula.
- Rahmatika, Rahmatika, Munawir Yusuf, and Leo Agung. 2021. “The Effectiveness of YouTube as an Online Learning Media.” Journal of Education Technology 5: 152–158. doi:10.23887/jet.v5i1.33628
- Ramos, E. S. 2022. “Acompañando niños migrantes ‘no acompañados’: A Feminist Geopolitical Perspective on Central American Unaccompanied Minors in US Long Term Foster Care (LTFC).” Doctoral diss.
- Simelane, C. Bheki. 2022. “Anti-Foreigner March: Xenophobia-Accused Operation Dudula Returns to Hillbrow.” Daily Maverick, February 21. Accessed April 8, 2022. https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-02-21-xenophobia-accused-operation-dudula-returns-to-hillbrow/.
- Sinwell, Luke. 2011. “Obtaining ‘Peace’, Searching for Justice: Evaluating Civil Society and Local Government Responses to Xenophobia in Alexandra.” Politikon 38 (1): 131–148. doi:10.1080/02589346.2011.548674.
- Sithole, Siyabonga. 2022. “Mayor Apologises for Soweto Snub.” IOL, August 11. https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/mayor-apologises-for-soweto-snub-3190a6a2-ed3a-4767-a38d-056acef92de0.
- Smith, Elliot. 2020. “Human Rights Watch: ‘Widespread Xenophobic Violence’ in South Africa.” CNBC, September 29. Accessed April 8, 2022. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/29/human-rights-watch-widespread-xenophobic-violence-in-south-africa.html.
- Solomon, R. 2019. “Xenophobic Violence and the Ambivalence of Citizenship in Post-Apartheid South Africa.” Citizenship Studies 23 (2): 156–171. doi:10.1080/13621025.2019.1584158.
- Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC). 2021. “Anti-Immigration Groups. Southern Poverty Law Center.” SPL Centre Organisation, March 21. Accessed April 8, 2022. https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2001/anti-immigration-groups.
- Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC). 2022. “Anti-immigrant.” Southern Poverty Law Center. Accessed January 11, 2023. https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/anti-immigrant.
- Statistics South Africa (StatsSA). 2020. “SA Loses More Than 600K Formal Sector Jobs During COVID-19 Lockdown.” Department of Statistics: Republic of South Africa.
- Statistics South Africa (StatsSA). 2022. “South Africa’s Youth Continues to Bear the Burden of Unemployment.” Department of Statistics: Republic of South Africa.
- Thomas, Peter D. 2009. The Gramscian Moment: Philosophy, Hegemony and Marxism. Boston, MA: Brill.
- Vaismoradi, Mojtaba, Hannele Turunen, and Terese Bondas. 2013. “Content Analysis and Thematic Analysis: Implications for Conducting a Qualitative Descriptive Study.” Nursing & Health Sciences 15 (3): 398–405. doi:10.1111/nhs.12048.
- Valji, Nahla. 2003. Creating the Nation: The Rise of Violent Xenophobia in the New South Africa. Toronto: York University.
- Van Driel, Maria. 2008. “Understanding Xenophobia in a Democratic South Africa.” Khanya Journal: A Journal for Activists (Special Edition) 19: 5–21.
- Welle, Deutsche. 2022. “South Africa: New Campaign Reignites Xenophobic Rhetoric.” Frontline, April 16. Accessed July 30, 2022. https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/south-africa-new-campaign-reignites-xenophobic-rhetoric/article65396102.ece.
- Williams, John J., and Abang A. Zacheous. 2022. “An Evaluation of Urbanisation Challenges Experienced in the Low-Income Areas of Khayelitsha, Cape Town, South Africa.” Research Square. doi:10.21203/rs-1407838/v1.
- World Bank. 2022. “In Southern Africa, Leveling the Playing Field at Birth Critical to Reducing Inequality, Intergenerational Poverty.” World Bank, March 14. Accessed July 30, 2022. https://www.worldbank.org/en/region/afr/publication/in-southern-africa-leveling-the-playing-field-at-birth-critical-to-reducing-inequality-intergenerational-poverty.
- World Population Review. 2022. “Crime Rate by Country 2022.” Accessed July 30, 2022. https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/crime-rate-by-country.