EU sanctions on Zimbabwe: rethinking Africa’s economic and political security in the global age

References

• Africa Times. 2019. “Ahead of EU Review, the Clash over Zimbabwe Sanctions.” February 14. https://africatimes.com/2019/02/14/ahead-of-eu-review-the-clash-over-zimbabwe-sanctions/.
   Google Scholar
• Ahluwalia, Pal. 2001. Politics and Post-Colonial Theory: African Inflections. London, New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Amin, Samir. 1972. “Underdevelopment and Dependence in Black Africa-Origins and Contemporary Forms.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 10 (4): 503–524. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00022801.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amin, Samir. 2014. “An Interview with Samir Amin.” Review of African Political Economy 41 (sup1): S108–S114. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2014.992624.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amnesty International. 2019. “Uganda 2017/2018.” June 24. https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/africa/uganda/report-uganda/.
   Google Scholar
• Basu, Rumki. 2012. “Realism.” In International Politics: Concepts, Theories and Issues, edited by R. Basu, 170–185. New Delhi: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Bayano, Valy. 2008. “Zimbabwe “Look East” Policy Is Starting to Bear Fruit.” March 27. https://www.sardc.net/en/southern-african-news-features/zimbabwe-look-east-policy-is-starting-to-bear-fruit/.
   Google Scholar
• Biersteker, Thomas, and Clara Portela. 2015. EU Sanctions in Context: Three Types. Paris: European Union Institute for Security Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Bulawayo24. 2011. “Biti Has Keys for Sanctions Removal.” September 7. https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-wikileaks-byo-7281-article-biti+has+keys+for+sanctions+removal.html.
   Google Scholar
• BusinessDay. 2022. “Sanctions on Zimbabwe ‘Are Hurting SA’.” October 27. https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2022-10-27-sanctions-on-zimbabwe-are-hurting-sa/.
   Google Scholar
• Cameron, Hazel. 2018. “The Matabeleland Massacres: Britain's Wilful Blindness.” The International History Review 40 (1): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2017.1309561.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chibber, Vivek. 2013. Postcolonial Theory and the Specter of Capital. London: Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Chikono, Melody. 2017. “Govt Overhauls Indigenisation.” Zimbabwe Independent, December 8. https://www.theindependent.co.zw/2017/12/08/govt-overhauls-indigenisation-2/.
   Google Scholar
• Chun, Zhang. 2014. “China–Zimbabwe Relations: A Model of China–Africa Relations?”. Occasional Paper 205. South African Institute of International Affairs.
   Google Scholar
• Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers. 2004. “Child Soldiers Global Report.” London. http://www.essex.ac.uk/armedcon/story_id/child_soldiers_csc_nov_2004.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Daily Maverick. 2018. “Zimbabwe’s President Promises Radical Reforms.” August 27. https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2018-08-27-zimbabwes-president-promises-radical-reforms/.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. n.d. “ACP - The Cotonou Agreement.” https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/regions/african-caribbean-and-pacific-acp-region/cotonou-agreement_en.
   Google Scholar
• European Union. 2019. “EU Sanctions Map.” June 21. https://sanctionsmap.eu/#/main.
   Google Scholar
• European Union Delegation to the Republic of Zimbabwe. 2016. “Zimbabwe and the EU.” May 16. https://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/zimbabwe_en/1867/Zimbabwe%20and%20the%20EU.
   Google Scholar
• European Union. n.d.a. “EU Sanctions Map.” https://sanctionsmap.eu/#/main/details/40/lists?search = %7B%22value%22:%22%22,%22searchType%22:%7B%7D%7D.
   Google Scholar
• European Union. n.d.b. “Position of the European Union on Sanctions Against Zimbabwe.” http://www.eeas.europa.eu/archives/delegations/zimbabwe/documents/eu_zimbabwe/eu_santion_position_en.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Farawo, Tinashe. 2013. “Over 500 Indigenisation Applications Approved.” The Sunday Mail, March 3–9.
   Google Scholar
• Gandhi, Leela. 1998. Postcolonial Theory: A Critical Introduction. Crows Nest: Allen and Unwin.
   Google Scholar
• Gegout, Catherine. 2017. Why Europe Intervenes in Africa: Security Prestige and the Legacy of Colonialism. London: Hurst Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• The Guardian. 2002. “EU Imposes Sanctions on Zimbabwe.” February 18. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/feb/18/zimbabwe.
   Google Scholar
• The Herald. 2011. “Biti Refuses to Sign Anti-sanctions Petition.” June 16. https://www.herald.co.zw/biti-refuses-to-sign-anti-sanctions-petition/.
   Google Scholar
• The Herald. 2014a. “EU Partially Lifts Sanctions.” February 18.
   Google Scholar
• The Herald. 2014b. “EU Takes First Step Towards Co-operation.” February 20.
   Google Scholar
• Hove, Mediel. 2012. “The Debates and Impact of Sanctions: The Zimbabwean Experience.” International Journal of Business and Social Science 3 (5): 72–84.
   Google Scholar
• Huggan, Graham. 1997. “The Neocolonialism of Postcolonialism: A Cautionary Note.” Links and Letters 4: 19–24.
   Google Scholar
• Human Rights Watch. 2008. “Ballots to Bullets Organized Political Violence and Kenya's Crisis of Governance.” March 16. https://www.hrw.org/report/2008/03/16/ballots-bullets/organized-political-violence-and-kenyas-crisis-governance.
   Google Scholar
• Kaempfer, H. William, and Anton D. Lowenberg. 1988. “The Theory of International Economic Sanctions: A Public Choice Approach.” The American Economic Review 78 (4): 786–793.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazunga, Oliver. 2021. “US3,5 Billion Compensation Deal Financial Advisors Appointed.” The Chronicle, July 21. https://www.chronicle.co.zw/us35bn-compensation-deal-financial-advisors-appointed/.
   Google Scholar
• Manayiti, Obey. 2019. “EU Won’t Ignore Zim Rights Abuses.” Newsday, March 27. https://www.newsday.co.zw/2019/03/eu-wont-ignore-zim-rights-abuses/.
   Google Scholar
• Manga, Blessed. 2019. “MDC Puts Caveat for Sanctions Removal.” Newsday, March 18. https://www.newsday.co.zw/2019/03/mdc-puts-caveat-for-sanctions-removal/.
   Google Scholar
• Maodza, T. 2013. “Sekeramayi Speaks on Security Chiefs.” The Herald, April 24. http://www.herald.co.zw/sekeramayi-speaks-on-security-chiefs/.
   Google Scholar
• Mhetu, Idah. 2019. “Leave Europe Untainted – Mnangagwa Tells UK.” New Zimbabwe, July 29. https://www.newzimbabwe.com/leave-europe-untainted-mnangagwa-tells-uk/.
   Google Scholar
• Miyandazi, Luckystar, Philomena Apiko, Tasnim Abderrahim, and Faten Aggad-Clerx. 2018. “AU-EU Relations: Challenges in Forging and Implementing a Joint Agenda.” South African Journal of International Affairs 25 (4): 461–480. https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2018.1548974.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mude, Torque, and Percyslage Chigora. 2017. “The Implications of Brexit on the European Union-Zimbabwe Relations and the Future of Zimbabwe’s Development Paradox.” Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa 19 (3): 168–182.
   Google Scholar
• Murwira, Zvamaida. 2022. “US Feels Anti-sanctions Heat.” The Herald, October 20. https://www.herald.co.zw/us-feels-anti-sanctions-heat/.
   Google Scholar
• Mutanda, Darlington. 2017. “Xenophobic Violence in South Africa: Mirroring Economic and Political Development Failures in Africa.” African Identities 15 (3): 278–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/14725843.2017.1291325.
   Google Scholar
• Ndlovu, Ray. 2019. “Zimbabwe Gets a Reprieve as EU Decides on No Further Sanctions - For Now.” Sunday Times, February 19. https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/africa/2019-02-19-zimbabwe-gets-a-reprieve-as-eu-decides-on-no-further-sanctions-for-now/.
   Google Scholar
• Ojakorotu, Victor, and Rumbidzai Kamidza. 2018. “Look East Policy: The Case of Zimbabwe–China Political and Economic Relations Since 2000.” India Quarterly 74 (1): 17–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/0974928417749642.
   Google Scholar
• Pradella, Lucia, and Rad Taghdisi Sahar. 2017. “Libya and Europe: Imperialism, Crisis and Migration.” Third World Quarterly 38 (11): 2411–2427. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2017.1350819.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raftopoulos, B., A. Hammar, and S. Jensen. 2003. Zimbabwe’s Unfinished Business: Rethinking Land, State and Nation in the Context of Crisis. Harare: Weaver.
   Google Scholar
• Ramone, Jenni. 2011. Postcolonial Theories. New York: Macmillan International Higher Education.
   Google Scholar
• Reliefweb. 2019. “Preliminary Observations of the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, Ms. Hilal Elver, on her Official Visit to Zimbabwe from 18–28 November 2019.” https://reliefweb.int/report/zimbabwe/preliminary-observations-united-nations-special-rapporteur-right-food-ms-hilal-elver.
   Google Scholar
• Report of the EU Election Observation Mission on the Parliamentary Elections which took place in Zimbabwe on 24th and 25th June. 2000. https://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/africa/ZW/zimbabwe-final-report-parliamentary-elections-eu.
   Google Scholar
• Russel, M. 2018. EU Sanctions: A key Foreign and Security Policy Instrument. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2018/621870/EPRS_BRI(2018)621870_EN.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• The Sunday Mail. 2014. “Gvt Engages High-Powered Lawyers in EU Sanctions Fight.” June, 15.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, Ian, and Paul Williams. 2002. “The Limits of Engagement: British Foreign Policy and the Crisis in Zimbabwe.” International Affairs 78 (3): 547–565. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.00266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations General Assembly Human Rights Council. 2022. “Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Negative Impact of Unilateral Coercive Measures on the Enjoyment of Human Rights, Alena Douhan, on Her Visit to Zimbabwe.” A/HRC/51/33/Add.2.
   Google Scholar
• Van Wyk, Jo-Ansie. 2018. “Sanctions and Summits: Sanctioned African Leaders and EU–Africa Summits.” South African Journal of International Affairs 25 (4): 497–515. https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2018.1544929.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voice of America. 2011. “Zimbabwe's Mugabe Launches Campaign Against Sanctions, Urges Boycott.” March 2. https://www.voazimbabwe.com/a/zimbabwe-president-mugabe-launches-anti-sanctions-campaign-117257298/1457011.html.
   Google Scholar
• Whitaker, Elise Beth. 2005. “Citizens and Foreigners: Democratization and the Politics of Exclusion in Africa.” African Studies Review 48 (1): 109–126. https://doi.org/10.1353/arw.2005.0047.
   Google Scholar
• ZANU PF. 2019. “The Idea of Sanctions Is Cowardice.” April, 28. https://www.zanupf.org.zw/the-idea-of-sanctions-is-cowardice/.
   Google Scholar
• Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation. 2011. “Zanu PF Condemns Western Machinations.” February 8. http://www.zbc.co.zw/zanu-pf-clear-on-sanctions-issue-sk-moyo/.
   Google Scholar
• Zimbabwe Human Rights Ngo Forum. 2010. “Land Reform and Property Rights in Zimbabwe.” https://reliefweb.int/report/zimbabwe/land-reform-and-property-rights-zimbabwe.
   Google Scholar
• Zimbabwe Press Statement, 105/89/SG/MA. XXX.
   Google Scholar
• Zimbabwe Press Statement, 157/91/SD/RN. XXX.
   Google Scholar
• Zimbabwe Press Statement, 8/85/AM/SM. XXX.
   Google Scholar
• Zollner, Barbara. 2019. “Surviving Repression: How Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood Has Carried On.” March 11. https://carnegie-mec.org/2019/03/11/surviving-repression-how-egypt-s-muslim-brotherhood-has-carried-on-pub-78552.
   Google Scholar