References
- Amstrup , N. 1976 . “The Perennial Problem of Small States: A Survey of Research Efforts,” . Cooperation and Conflict , 3 For a discussion of definitions and approaches see
- 2. Data from Statesman's Yearbook, 1979.
- 3. Data from Military Balance 1978/79.
- 4. Data from SIPRI Yearbook 1979.
- 5. Data from Yearbook of International Trade Statistics 1976.
- 6. Ibid.
- Wiberg , H. and Øberg , J. Concepts of Security and Their Implications . paper presented at the Nordic symposium on Armament, Tension and War, Hanasaari (Finland) . September . pp. 26 – 28 . This analysis is based on
- Krell , G. 1979 . The Development of the Concept of Security , Frankfurt : Peace Research Institute .
- Tägil , S. 1977 . Studying Boundary Conflicts. Lund
- Abrahamsson , B. 1971 . Military Professionalization and Political Power. Stockholm
- Wallensteen . A Study of Economic Sanctions 1968 Uppsala (diss.)
- 11. See Wiberg, Concepts of Security, fn 13.
- Kaldor , M. 1978 . The Disintegrating West. London See the chapter on MNCs in
- 13. These propositions are drawn from P. Wallensteen, p. 1973. Structure and War. Stockholm. Cf. also
- Wiberg , H. Trade and War: A Replication Study . paper presented at the VIII IPRA Conference (Königstein . August 1979 .
- 14. For empirical indicators of structural violence, see
- Horvik , T. 1977 . The Demography of Structural Violence . Journal of Peace Research , : 1
- Alcock , N. and Köhler , G. 1979 . Structural Violence and the World Level: Diachronic Findings . Journal of Peace Research , : 3
- Kristensen , P. H. and Levinsen , J. 1978 . The Small Country Squeeze. , Denmark : Roskilde University Centre .
- Wallace , M. D. 1972 . “ Status, Formal Organization, and Arms Levels Leading to the Onset of War ” . In Peace, War and Numbers. Edited by: Russett , B. M. 1820 – 1964 . London
- Singer , J. D. 1979 . The Correlates of War. London
- 18. All the data on postwar development are based on the SIPRI Yearbook 1968/69 and SIPRI Yearbook 1979.
- 1979 . Area defence, , 2 Vienna : Bureau of defence policy .
- 20. Ibid., 3.
- 1976 . Andra Parlamentariska Försvarskommittens betänkande, 26 Helsinki
- 22. Ibid., 30.
- August 1976 . General defense. , August , 13 Berne : Zentralstelle für Gesamtverteidigung .
- 24. Ibid., 48.
- 1979 . Sweden's Security Policy and Total Defense, , 3 DsFö : Ministry of Defense .
- 1979 . Translated from the Swedish version . Vår säkerhetspolitik, SOU , 42 : 118
- Ljubičtć , N. 1977 . Total National Defense—Strategy of Peace. 249 Beograd
- 28. Ibid., 252.
- 29. Kaldor, The Disintegrating West.
- Øberg , J. 1975 . Arms Trade with the Third World as an Aspect of Imperialism . Journal of Peace Research, , : 3
- 31. For some of the techniques used, see Frank Blackaby's introduction in SIPRI Yearbook, 1979.
- Annerstedt , J. and Gustavsson , R. 1975 . Towards a New International Economic Division of Labour? , Denmark : Roskilde University Centre .
- Sharp , G. 1973 . The Politics of Nonviolent Action. 3 vols , Boston The classic work on this area, covering history, analysis and strategy
- Boserup , A. and Mack , A. 1975 . War Without Weapons New York
- 1980 . Occupation, Resistance and Law , London School of Economics . stems from an investigation for the Danish Defence Ministry. Adam Roberts has published two books in Swedish as well as
- Ziviler Wider‐stand , (Vienna : Landesverteidigungsakademie . no date). A preliminary report of the committee appointed in the Netherlands is called
- 1978 . Bev ordering van het onderzoek betreffende geweldloze conflictoplossing , Groningen : Polamological Institute .
- Mattelart , A. 1979 . Multinational Corporations and the Control of Culture. Brighton
- Olson , M. The Logic of Collective Action, Cambridge, Mass.
- Goldmann , K. 1971 . International Norms and War between States, Stockholm
- Sims , N. 1976 . Approaches to Disarmament, , London : Myrdal, A. . 1976 The Game of Disarmament, New York
- 39. See the UN report Disarmament and Development 1972 and subsequent reports.
- Hveem , H. 1977 . The Political Economy of Third World Producer Associations. , Oslo : Peace Research Institute .
Suggested readings
- The following works, apart from those mentioned in the notes, constitute important further reading concerning some of the major aspects covered in the article:
- Afheldt , H. 1983 . Defensive Verteidigung , (Defensive defense). Reinbek bei Hamburg : Rowohlt .
- A leading German expert on military security gives a thorough overview on how to restructure national military defense into one that combines high defensive capability with low offensive capability and hence, little provocation to arms racing.
- Bajpai , U. S. , ed. 1983 . Non‐Alignment: Problems and Prospects. , New Delhi : Lancers . An anthology based on an important seminar containing contributions from some of the major scholars in the field
- Barnaby , F. and Boeker , E. 1982 . Defence Without Offence. , London : Housmans .
- A shorter presentation than Afheldt's on the principal problems in combining high defensive and low offensive capability in the same military structure, and on how some of the technical problems can be overcome.
- Boserup , A. and Mack , A. 1974 . War Without Weapons. , London : Frances Pinter .
- A classical work on non‐military defense taking as its point of departure, the strategic principles of Clausewitz and investigating the implications they have for how to analyze strategies for non‐military defense.
- Buzan , B. 1983 . People, States and Fear. , Brighton : Wheatsheaf Books .
- A very important analysis of security taking into account subnational, national and international levels; it makes a penetrating analysis of different kinds of security threats, their relations and paradoxes, and lays down a general scheme of analysis.
- Galtung , J. 1984 . There Are Alternatives. , London : Spokesman .
- A systematic discussion of how the vulnerability and defensibility of a society can be affected by a wide range of measures: decentralization, democratization, non‐military defense, guerilla defense, transarmament of conventional military forces—mainly non‐offensive ones, etc.
- Höll , O. , ed. 1983 . Small States in Europe and Dependence. , Vienna : Universität‐Ver‐lagsbuchhandlung .
- An anthology dealing with dependence and security problems of a wide range of small states in Europe, mainly authored by experts from these countries.
- 1984 . Journal of Peace Research , 21 ( 2 )
- A special issue on Alternative Defense with contributions from several European and American experts, as well as a review essay and a set of book notes presenting current literature.
- Krell , G. The Development of the Concept of Security. , Frankfurt am Main : Peace Research Institute Frankfurt . (Arbeitspapier No. 3)
- A systematic conceptual discussion of different notions of security and their underlying assumptions.
- Lukić , R. 1985 . La dissuasion populaire yougoslave. , (Cahiers d'études strategiques No. 5 Paris : C.I.R.P.E.S. . ISSN 03998630
- A discussion of the different components that enter into the total national defense system in Yugoslavia.
- Roberts , A. 1976 . Nations in Arms. , London : Chatto & Windus .
- Also addresses the problem of how to give territorial defense policies maximal defensive capability without posing military threats across borders. Focus on neutral, nonaligned states.
- Sharp , G. 1973 . The Politics of Non‐Violent Action. , (3 vols.) Boston : Porter Sargent . Presents a vast array of historical material, a social analysis of the dynamics of nonviolent action in different contexts, and an outline of a strategic theory for it
- Stephenson , C. 1982 . Alternative Methods for International Security. , Washington, D.C. : University Press of America .
- A systematically composed textbook, covering a wide range of non‐violent alternatives and giving an excellent review of literature.