Role of positive emotions in the constraint process: the case of Taiwanese college students

References

• Alexandris, K., & Carroll, B. (1997). Demographic difference in the perception of constraints on recreational sport participation: Results from a study in Greece. Leisure Studies, 16(12), 107–125.
   Google Scholar
• Alexandris, K., Kouthouris, C., & Girgolas, G. (2007). Investigating the relationships among motivation, negotiation, and alpine skiing participation. Journal of Leisure Research, 39(4), 648–667.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argyle, M. (1987). The psychology of happiness. New York: Taylor and Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Avey, J., Wernsing, T. S., & Luthans, F. (2008). Can positive employees help positive organizational change? impact of psychological capital and emotions on relevant attitudes and behaviors. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 44(1), 48–70. doi:10.1177/0021886307311470
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74–94.
   Google Scholar
• Benyamini, Y. (2005). Can high optimism and high pessimism co-exist? Findings from arthritis patients coping with pain. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(6), 1463–1473.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boothby, J., Tungatt, M. F., & Townsend, A. R. (1981). Ceasing participation in sports activity: Reported reasons and their implications. Journal of Leisure Research, 13(1), 1–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, E. C. (1998). Dispositional optimism and primary and secondary appraisal of stressor: Controlling for confounding influences and relations to coping and psychological and physical adjustment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1109–1120.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, G. F., & Wei, D. (1995). Sampling methods – Theory and practice. Taipei: Sanmin press.
   Google Scholar
• Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach for structural equation modeling. In G. A. Marcoulides (Ed.), Modern methods for business research (pp. 295–336). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Chubb, M., & Chubb, H. (1981). One third of our time? An introduction to recreation behaviour and resources. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Crawford, D. W., & Godbey, G. (1987). Reconceptualizing barriers to family leisure. Leisure Sciences, 9, 119–127.
   Google Scholar
• Crawford, D. W., Jackson, E. L., & Godbey, G. (1991). A hierarchical model of leisure constraints. Leisure Sciences, 13, 309–320.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong, E., & Chick, G. (2012). Leisure constraints in six Chinese cities. Leisure Sciences, 34(5), 417–435.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elkins, D. J. (2004). Levels of perceived constraint: A comparative analysis of negotiation strategies in campus recreational sports. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University, Indiana.
   Google Scholar
• Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobserved variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56, 218–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L., & Joiner, T. (2002). Positive emotions trigger upward spirals toward emotional well-being. Psychological Science, 13, 172–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frijda, N. H., Kuipers, P., & terSchure, E. (1989). Relations among emotion, appraisal, and emotional action readiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(2), 212–228.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaudreau, P., & Blondin, J. P. (2004). Differential associations of dispositional optimism and pessimism with coping, goal attainment, and emotional adjustment during sport competition. International Journal of Stress Management, 11(3), 245–269.
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., Anderson, R., & Tatham, R. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Henderson, K. A., Bedini, L. A., Hecht, L., & Schuler, R. (1995). Women with physical disabilities and the negotiation of leisure constraints. Leisure Studies, 14(1), 17–31.
   Google Scholar
• Henderson, K. A., & Bialeschki, M. D. (1994). Women and the meanings of physical recreation. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 3(2), 21–37.
   Google Scholar
• Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. Advances in international marketing, 20, 277-319.
   Google Scholar
• Hou, T. Y. (2006). A study on the relationship between the positive emotion and the related factors of adolescence in Taiwan. Unpublished masteral dissertation, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung.
   Google Scholar
• Hsieh, S. F. (2001). The differentiation of leisure constraints and negotiation strategy for participation constraints between employed and non-employed married women. Outdoor Recreation Study, 14(2), 63–84.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, C. C. (1994). The influence of leisure constraints and leisure loyalty on leisure substitutability. Unpublished master’s thesis, The Pennsylvania State University.
   Google Scholar
• Hubbard, J., & Mannell, R. C. (2001). Testing competing models of the leisure constraints negotiation process in a corporate employee recreation setting. Leisure Sciences, 23, 145–163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iso-Ahola, S. E. (1981). Leisure counseling at the crossroads. The Counseling Psychologist, 9(3), 71–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, E., Crawford, D., & Godbey, G. (1993). Negotiation of leisure constraints. Leisure Sciences, 15, 1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, E. L. (1999). Comment on Hawkins et. al., “Leisure constraints: A replication and extension of construct development”. Leisure Sciences, 21, 195–199.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, E. L. (2000). Will research on leisure constraints still be relevant in the twenty-first century? Journal of Leisure Research, 32(1), 62–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, E. L., & Rucks, V. C. (1995). Negotiation of leisure constraints by junior-high and high-school students: An exploratory study. Journal of Leisure Research, 27, 85–105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay, T., & Jackson, G. (1991). Leisure despite constraints: The impact of leisure constraints on leisure participation. Journal of Leisure Research, 23, 301–313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai, C. S. (2002). The Construction of Leisure Constraint Scale - An Example of College Students in Taipei. Unpublished masteral dissertation, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan.
   Google Scholar
• Lai, Y. C. (2007). Exploration of relations among optimism/ pessimism, coping and positive/negative emotion – By hierarchical linear model of the diary method. Unpublished masteral dissertation, Soochow University, Taipei.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, S., & Scott, D. (2009). The process of celebrity fan’s constraint negotiation. Journal of Leisure Research, 41(2), 137–155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeSage, K. (1998). A stage-based approach to promoting physical activity in college students. Unpublished master thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.
   Google Scholar
• Loucks-Atkinson, A., & Mannell, R. (2007). Role of self-efficacy in the constraints negotiation process: The case of individuals with Fibromyalgia syndrome. Leisure Sciences, 29, 19–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luthans, F., & Youssef, C. M. (2007). Emerging positive organizational behavior. Journal of Management, 33(3), 321-349. doi:10.1177/0149206307300814
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, S. M. (2008). Relationships among psychological well-being, leisure negotiation. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University, Indiana.
   Google Scholar
• Ma, S. M., Tan, Y., & Ma, S. C. (2012). Testing a structural model of psychological well-being, leisure negotiation, and leisure participation with Taiwanese college students. Leisure Sciences, 34, 55–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDermott, D., & Snyder, C. R. (2000). The great big book of hope. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications.
   Google Scholar
• McQuarrie, F., & Jackson, E. (2002). Transitions in leisure careers and their parallels in work careers. Journal of Career Development, 29(1), 37–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prochaska, J. O., & Marcus, B. H. (1994). The transtheoretical model: Application to exercise. In R. K. Dishman (Ed.), Advances in exercise adherence (pp. 161–181). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1982). Transtheoretical therapy: Toward a more integrative model of change. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 19(3), 276–288.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1983). Stages and processes of self-change in smoking: Towards an integrative model of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 390–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (2002). Optimism, pessimism, and psychological well-being. In E. C. Chang (Eds.), Optimism & pessimism: Implications for theory, research, and practice (pp. 189–216). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, D. (1991). The problematic nature of participation in contract bridge: A qualitative study of group-related constraints. Leisure Sciences, 13, 321–336.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Seligman, M. E. P. (2003). Positive psychology: Fundamental assumptions. Psychologist, 16(3), 126–127.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, S., Bonen, A., & McCabe, J. (1991). Do more constraints mean less leisure? examining the relationship between constraints and participation. Journal of Leisure Research, 23, 286-300. doi:10.1080/00222216.1991.11969861
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder, C. R. (1994). The psychology of hope. New York, NY: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Snyder, C. R. (2000). Hypothesis: There is hope. In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Handbook of hope: Theory, measures, and applications (pp. 3–21). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Snyder, C. R. (2002). Hope theory: Rainbows in the mind. Psychological Inquiry, 13(4), 249–276.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder, C. R., Rand, K. L., & Sigmon, D. R. (2002). Hope theory: a member of the positive psychology family. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 257-276). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stodolska, M. (1998). Assimilation and leisure constraints: Dynamics of constraints on leisure in immigrant populations. Journal of Leisure Research, 30, 521–551.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai, E., & Coleman, D. (1999). Leisure constraints of Chinese immigrants: An exploratory study. Society and Leisure, 22, 243–264.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (1990). The past explains the present: Emotional adaptations and the structure of ancestral environments. Ethology and Sociobiology, 11(4–5), 375–424.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng, L. K. (2007). A comparison of leisure participation and leisure constraints between foreign university students and Taiwanese university students. Unpublished masteral dissertation, Ming-Chuan University, Taipei.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, G. J., Jackson, E. L., & Deng, J. (2007). Culture and leisure constraints: A comparison of Canadian and Mainland Chinese university students. Journal of Leisure Research, 39(4), 567–590.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, D. (2008). A structural model of leisure constraints negotiation in outdoor recreation. Leisure Sciences, 30, 342–359.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng, W. Z. (2006). Even short, but also eternal - On the development of positive psychology. The Educator Monthly, 465, 57–63.
   Google Scholar