References
- Byrne, B. M. (1998). Structural equation modeling with LISREL, PRELIS, and SIMPLIS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Chandra, V. (2012). Work–Life balance: Eastern and western perspectives. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(5), 1040–1056.
- Chen, C. C., Huang, W. J., Gao, J., & Petrick, J. F. (2018). Antecedents and consequences of work-related smartphone use on vacation: An exploratory study of Taiwanese tourists. Journal of Travel Research, 57(6), 743-756.
- Chen, C. C., Petrick, J. F., & Shahvali, M. (2016). Tourism experiences as a stress reliever: Examining the effects of tourism recovery experiences on life satisfaction. Journal of Travel Research, 55(2), 150–160.
- Chiang, F. F., Birtch, T. A., & Kwan, H. K. (2010). The moderating roles of job control and work-life balance practices on employee stress in the hotel and catering industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(1), 25–32.
- Chick, G., & Hood, R. D. (1996). Working and recreating with machines: Outdoor recreation choices among machine‐tool workers in western Pennsylvania. Leisure Sciences, 18(4), 333–354.
- Clark, S. C. (2000). Work/family border theory: A new theory of work/family balance. Human Relations, 53(6), 747–770.
- Coleman, D., & Iso-Ahola, S. E. (1993). Leisure and health: The role of social support and self-determination. Journal of Leisure Research, 25(2), 111–128.
- Cropley, M., & Millward, L. J. (2009). How do individuals ‘switch‐off’ from work during leisure? A qualitative description of the unwinding process in high and low ruminators. Leisure Studies, 28(3), 333–347.
- Derks, D., & Bakker, A. B. (2014). Smartphone use, work–Home interference, and burnout: A diary study on the role of recovery. Applied Psychology, 63(3), 411–440.
- Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542–575.
- Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larson, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75.
- Dupuis, S. L., & Smale, B. J. (1995). An examination of relationship between psychological well-being and depression and leisure activity participation among older adults. Society and Leisure, 18(1), 67–92.
- Ebrey, J., & Cruz, S. A. (2014). Working at the weekend: Supermarket and shopping centre workers in Salford/Manchester (UK) and Porto (Portugal). Leisure Studies, 33(2), 233–246.
- Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 10(1), 76–88.
- Haar, J. M., Russo, M., Suñe, A., & Ollier-Malaterre, A. (2014). Outcomes of work–Life balance on job satisfaction, life satisfaction and mental health: A study across seven cultures. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85(3), 361–373.
- Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
- Häusser, J. A., & Mojzisch, A. (2017). The physical activity-mediated Demand–Control (pamDC) model: Linking work characteristics, leisure time physical activity, and well-being. Work & Stress, 31(3), 209-232.
- Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513.
- Iwasaki, Y., & Mannell, R. C. (2000). Hierarchical dimensions of leisure stress coping. Leisure Sciences, 22(3), 163–181.
- Kim, J., Lee, S., Chun, S., Han, A., & Heo, J. (2017). The effects of leisure-time physical activity for optimism, life satisfaction, psychological well-being, and positive affect among older adults with loneliness. Annals of Leisure Research, 20(4), 406–415.
- Koopman-Boyden, P. G., & Reid, S. L. (2009). Internet/E-mail usage and well-being among 65–84 year olds in New Zealand: Policy implications. Educational Gerontology, 35(11), 990–1007.
- Lin, J. H., Wong, J. Y., & Ho, C. H. (2013). Promoting frontline employees’ quality of life: Leisure benefit systems and work-to-leisure conflicts. Tourism Management, 36, 178–187.
- Lin, J. H., Wong, J. Y., & Ho, C. H. (2014). Beyond the work-to-leisure conflict: A high road through social support for tourism employees. International Journal of Tourism Research, 16(6), 614–624.
- Lin, Y. S., Huang, W. S., Yang, C. T., & Chiang, M. J. (2014). Work–Leisure conflicts and its associations with well-being: The roles of social support, leisure participation and job burnout. Tourism Management, 45, 244–252.
- Lu, L., Kao, S. F., Chang, T. T., Wu, H. P., & Cooper, C. L. (2008). Work/family demands, work flexibility, work/family conflicts, and their consequences at work: A national probability sample in Taiwan. International Journal of Stress Management, 15(1), 1–21.
- Lucia-Casademunt, A. M., García-Cabrera, A. M., & Cuéllar-Molina, D. G. (2015). National culture, work-life balance and employee well-being in European tourism firms: The moderating effect of uncertainty avoidance values. Tourism & Management Studies, 11(1), 62–69.
- Mannell, R. C., & Kleiber, D. A. (1997). A social psychology of leisure. State College, PA: Venture Publishing Inc.
- Mansour, S., & Tremblay, D. G. (2016). Workload, generic and work–Family specific social supports and job stress: Mediating role of work–Family and family–Work conflict. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28(8), 1778–1804.
- Meijman, T. F., & Mulder, G. (1998). Psychological aspects of workload. In P. J. D. Drenth, H. Thierry, & C. J. De Wolff (Eds.), Handbook of work and organizational psychology, (Vol. 2, Work Psychology, pp. 5–33). Hove, England: Psychology Press.
- Netemeyer, R. G., Bearden, W. O., & Sharma, S. (2003). Scaling procedures: Issues and applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
- Newman, D. B., Tay, L., & Diener, E. (2014). Leisure and subjective well-being: A model of psychological mechanisms as mediating factors. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15(3), 555–578.
- Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2016). OECD statistics. Retrieved July 15, 2017, from http://stats.oecd.org/
- Simmons, J. M., Mahoney, T. Q., & Hambrick, M. E. (2016). Leisure, work, and family: How IronMEN balance the demands of three resource-intensive roles. Leisure Sciences, 38(3), 232–248.
- Sonnentag, S., & Zijlstra, F. R. (2006). Job characteristics and off-job activities as predictors of need for recovery, well-being, and fatigue. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(2), 330.
- Spector, P. E., & Jex, S. M. (1998). Development of four self-report measures of job stressors and strain: Interpersonal conflicts at work scale, organizational constraints scale, quantitative workload inventory, and physical symptoms inventory. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 3(4), 356–367.
- Staines, G. L. (1980). Spillover versus compensation: A review of the literature on the relationship between work and nonwork. Human Relations, 33(2), 111–129.
- Teixeira, A., & Freire, T. (2013). The leisure attitudes scale: Psychometrics properties of a short version for adolescents and young adults. Leisure/Loisir, 37(1), 57–67.
- Tsaur, S. H., Liang, Y. W., & Hsu, H. J. (2012). A multidimensional measurement of work-leisure conflicts. Leisure Sciences, 34(5), 395–416.
- Uysal, M., Sirgy, M. J., Woo, E., & Kim, H. (2016). Quality of life (QOL) and well-being research in tourism. Tourism Management, 53, 244–261.
- Van Heck, G. L., & Vingerhoets, A. J. (2007). Leisure sickness: A biopsychosocial perspective. Psihologijske Teme, 16(2), 178–200.
- Walker, G. J., Deng, J., & Chapman, R. (2007). Leisure attitudes: A follow-up study comparing Canadians, Chinese in Canada, and Mainland Chinese. World Leisure Journal, 49(4), 207–215.
- Walker, G. J., & Wang, X. (2008). The meaning of leisure for Chinese/Canadians. Leisure Sciences, 31(1), 1–18.
- Waters, L. E., & Moore, K. A. (2002). Reducing latent deprivation during unemployment: The role of meaningful leisure activity. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75(1), 15–32.
- Wong, J. Y., & Lin, J. H. (2007). The role of job control and job support in adjusting service employee’s work-to-leisure conflicts. Tourism Management, 28(3), 726–735.
- Yun, H., Kettinger, W. J., & Lee, C. C. (2012). A new open door: The smartphone’s impact on work-to-life conflicts, stress, and resistance. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 16(4), 121–152.
- Zhao, X., Qu, H., & Liu, J. (2014). An investigation into the relationship between hospitality employees’ work–Family conflicts and their leisure intentions. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 55(4), 408–421.