She persisted: the pursuit, persistence, & power of African American women in social work graduate programs at Historically Black Institutions (HBI)

References

• Allen, W. R., & Jewell, J. O. (2002). A backward glance forward: Past, present and future perspectives on historically Black colleges and universities. The Review of Higher Education, 25(3), 241–261.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barro, R. J., & Lee, J.-W. (2001). International data on educational attainment: Updates and implications. Oxford Economic Papers, 53(3), 541–563 . Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/348863110.1093/oep/53.3.541
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brunner, C. C., & Peyton-Claire, L. (2000). Seeking representation supporting black female graduate students who aspire to the superintendency. Urban Education, 35(5), 532–548.10.1177/0042085900355004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlton-LaNey, I. (1994). Introduction-the legacy of African-American leadership in social welfare. Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 21, 5.
   Google Scholar
• Carlton-LaNey, I. (1999). African American social work pioneers’ response to need. Social Work, 44(4), 311–321.10.1093/sw/44.4.311
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, S., Crenshaw, K. W., & McCall, L. (2013). Toward a field of intersectionality studies: Theory, applications, and praxis. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 38(4), 785–810.10.1086/669608
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, P. H. (1986). Learning from the outsider within: The sociological significance of black feminist thought. Social Problems, 33(6), S14–S32.10.2307/800672
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, P. H. (2000). Black feminist thought: Knowledge consciousness, and the politics of empowerment (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. The University of Chicago Legal Forum, 139.
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Cromwell, C. D. (1977). Black women as pioneers in social welfare (1880–1935). Black Caucus, 7, 7–12.
   Google Scholar
• Darrell, L., Littlefield, M., & Washington, E. M. (2016). Safe spaces, nurturing places. Journal of Social Work Education, 52(1), 43–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, A. (1994). Black women and the academy. Callaloo, 17(2), 422–431.10.2307/2931740
   Google Scholar
• Day, P. J. (2013). A new history in social welfare policy (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Drake, S. C., & Horance, C. (1945). Black metropolis. New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace, and Jovanovich.
   Google Scholar
• Dreher, G. F., & Cox, T. H. (1996). Race, gender, and opportunity: A study of compensation attainment and the establishment of mentoring relationships. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(3), 297–308.10.1037/0021-9010.81.3.297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis, E. M. (2001). The impact of race and gender on graduate school socialization, satisfaction with doctoral study, and commitment to degree completion. The Western Journal of Black Studies, 25(1), 30.
   Google Scholar
• Franklin, J. H. (1974). From slavery to freedom: A study of demographic trends. Chicago, IL: Markham Publishing Company.
   Google Scholar
• Gary, R., & Gary, L. E. (1977). Profiles of Black females in social welfare during the 20’s. Black Caucus Journal, 8, 3–9.
   Google Scholar
• Gary, R. B., & Gary, L. E. (1994). The history of social work education for Black people 1900–1930. Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 21, 6.
   Google Scholar
• Harper, S. R., Patton, L. D., & Wooden, O. S. (2009). Access and equity for African American students in higher education: A critical race historical analysis of policy efforts. The Journal of Higher Education, 80(4), 389–414.10.1080/00221546.2009.11779022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, F., III, & Lester, J. (2009). Gender-specific approaches to enhancing identity development among undergraduate women and men. Student engagement in higher education: Theoretical perspectives and practical approaches for diverse populations, 99–116.
   Google Scholar
• Harris-Perry, M. V. (2011). Sister citizen: Shame, stereotypes, and Black women in America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ingrao, C. (2015). Celebrating our heroes: African-American social service pioneers. Retrieved from https://socialwork.simmons.edu/celebrating-heroes-african-american-social-service-pioneers/
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, L. R. (1998). The Influence of both race ad gender on the experiences of African American college women. The Review of Higher Education, 21(4), 359–375.10.1353/rhe.1998.0009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson-Bailey, J., Valentine, T., Cervero, R. M., & Bowles, T. A. (2009). Rooted in the soil: The social experiences of black graduate students at southern research university. The Journal of Higher Education, 80(2), 178–203.10.1080/00221546.2009.11772138
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, S., & Chepyator-Thomson, J. R. (1996). Factors affecting the enrollment and persistence of African American doctoral students. Physical Educator, 53(4), 170–181.
   Google Scholar
• Kleiman, S. (2004). Phenomenology: To wonder and search for meanings. Nurse researcher, 11(4), 7–19.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krefting, L. (1991). Rigor in qualitative research: The assessment of trustworthiness. American journal of occupational therapy, 45(3), 214–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McPhatter, A. R., & Ganaway, T. L. (2003). Beyond the rhetoric: Strategies for implementing culturally effective practice with children, families, and communities. Child Welfare, 82(2), 103–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and interpretation. San Francisco: Jos-sey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Padgett, D. K. (2009). Guest editorial: Qualitative and mixed methods in social work knowledge development. Social Work, 54(2), 101–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods. Sage. Publications, inc..
   Google Scholar
• Patton, M. Q. (2002). Two decades of developments in qualitative inquiry: A personal, experiential perspective. Qualitative social work, 1(3), 261–283.
   Google Scholar
• Patton, L. D. (2009). My sister’s keeper: A qualitative examination of mentoring experiences among African American women in graduate and professional schools. The Journal of Higher Education, 80(5), 510–537.10.1080/00221546.2009.11779030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne, R. K. (2005). A framework for understanding poverty. Highlands, TX: Aha Process.
   Google Scholar
• Perna, L. W. (2004). Understanding the decision to enroll in graduate school: Sex and racial/ethnic group differences. The Journal of Higher Education, 75(5), 487–527.10.1080/00221546.2004.11772335
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, S. J. (2013). Spoketokensim: Black women talking back about graduate school experiences. Race Ethnicity and Education, 16(2), 155–181.10.1080/13613324.2011.645567
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roebuck, J. B., & Murty, K. S. (1993). Historically Black colleges and universities: Their place in American higher education. Westport, CT: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Sanders, C. L. (Ed.). (1971). Crossing over. Atlanta, GA: Atlanta University School of Social Work.
   Google Scholar
• Schroeder, D. S., & Mynatt, C. R. (1993). Female graduate students’ perceptions of their interactions with male and female major professors. The Journal of Higher Education., 64(5), 555–573.10.1080/00221546.1993.11778448
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shavers, M. C., & Moore, J. L., III (2014a). Black female voices: Self-Presentation strategies in doctoral programs at predominantly white institutions. Journal of College Student Development., 55(4), 391–407.10.1353/csd.2014.0040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shavers, M. C., & Moore, J. L., III (2014b). Double-edged sword: Coping and resiliency strategies of African American women enrolled in doctoral programs at predominately white institutions. Frontiers, 35(3), 15–38.10.5250/fronjwomestud.35.3.0015
   Google Scholar
• The U.S. Bureau of Census. (1933). Census of population: 1930 occupations. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
   Google Scholar
• Whitaker, T., Weismiller, T., & Clark, E. (2006). Assuring the sufficiency of a frontline workforce: A national study of licensed social workers. Executive summary. Washington, DC: National Association of Social Workers.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, M. R., Brewley, D. N., Reed, R. J., White, D. Y., & Davis-Haley, R. T. (2005). Learning to read each other: Black female graduate students share their experiences at a white research I institution. The Urban Review, 37(3), 181–199.10.1007/s11256-005-0008-0
   Google Scholar
• Winkle-Wagner, R. (2009). The perpetual homelessness of college experiences: Tensions between home and campus for African American Women. The Review of Higher Education, 33(1), 1–36.10.1353/rhe.0.0116
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyatt, J. (2008). Patricia Hill Collins’s Black sexual politics and the genealogy of the strong black woman. Studies in Gender and Sexuality, 9(1), 52–67.10.1080/15240650701759516
   Google Scholar