Teaching social work students the influence of explicit and implicit bias: promoting ethical reflection in practice

References

• Abrams, L. S., & Gibson, P. (2007). Teaching notes: Reframing multicultural education: Teaching white privilege in the social work curriculum. Journal of Social Work Education, 43(1), 147–160. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5175/JSWE.2007.200500529
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abrams, L. S., & Moio, J. A. (2009). Critical race theory and the cultural competence dilemma in social work education. Journal of Social Work Education, 45(2), 245–261. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5175/JSWE.2009.200700109
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambrose, S. A., Bridges, M. W., DiPietro, M., Lovett, M. C., & Norman, M. K. (2010). How learning works: Seven research-based principles for smart teaching. John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Arao, B., & Clemens, K. (2013). From safe spaces to brave spaces: A new way to frame dialogue around diversity and social justice. In L. M. Landreman (Ed.), The art of effective facilitation: Reflections from social justice educators (pp. 135–150). Stylus Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Austin, M. J. (Ed.). (2013). Social justice and social work: Rediscovering a core value of the profession. SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Baradat, L. P., & Phillips, J. A. (2016). Political ideologies: Their origins and impact. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Barsky, A. E. (2019). Ethics and values in social work: An integrated approach for a comprehensive curriculum. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bell, K. (2011). Towards a post-conventional philosophical base for social work. The British Journal of Social Work, 42(3), 408–423. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcr073
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhuyan, R., Bejan, R., & Jeyapal, D. (2017). Social workers’ perspectives on social justice in social work education: When mainstreaming social justice masks structural inequalities. Social Work Education, 36(4), 373–390. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2017.1298741
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bisman, C. (2004). Social work values: The moral core of the profession. The British Journal of Social Work, 34(1), 109–123. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bch008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumenthal-Barby, J. S., & Krieger, H. (2015). Cognitive biases and heuristics in medical decision making: A critical review using a systematic search strategy. Medical Decision Making, 35(4), 539–557. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0272989X14547740
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brekke, J. S., Ell, K., & Palinkas, L. A. (2007). Translational science at the national institute of mental health: Can social work take its rightful place? Research on Social Work Practice, 17(1), 123–133. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731506293693
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan, V. (2006). Moving from professionally specific ideals to the common morality: Essential content in social work ethics education. Journal of Teaching in Social Work, 26(3–4), 1–17. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1300/J067v26n03_01
   Google Scholar
• Buila, S. (2010). The NASW code of ethics under attack: A manifestation of the culture war within the profession of social work. Journal of Social Work Values and Ethics, 7(2), 1–8. https://jswve.org/download/2010-2/f10coe-Code-of-Ethics-under-attack.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Clarke, J. A. (2018). Explicit bias. Northwestern University Law Review, 133(3/2), 505–586. https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/nulr/vol113/iss3/2
   Google Scholar
• Congress, E. P. (2000). What social workers should know about ethics: Understanding and resolving practice dilemmas. Advances in Social Work, 1(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.18060/124
   Google Scholar
• Council on Social Work Education. (1982). Curriculum policy statement for the master’s degree and baccalaureate degree program in social work. Social Work Education Reporter, 30(3), 5–12.
   Google Scholar
• Council on Social Work Education. (2015a). Educational and policy accreditation standards. Author. https://www.cswe.org/getattachment/Accreditation/Accreditation-Process/2015-EPAS/2015EPAS_Web_FINAL.pdf.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Council on Social Work Education. (2015b). Informed social work practice specialized curricular guides. Author. https://www.cswe.org/Education-Resources/2015-Curricular-Guides
   Google Scholar
• Crittle, C., & Maddox, K. B. (2017). Confronting bias through teaching: Insights from social psychology. Teaching of Psychology, 44(2), 174–180. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0098628317692648
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deepak, A. C., Rountree, M. A., & Scott, J. (2015). Delivering diversity and social justice in social work education: The power of context. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 26(2), 107–125. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10428232.2015.1017909
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon, J., & Levine, M. (Eds.). (2012). Beyond prejudice: Extending the social psychology of conflict, inequality and social change. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dominelli, L. (2017). Anti-racist social work. Macmillan International Higher Education.
   Google Scholar
• Eberhardt, J. L. (2019). Biased: Uncovering the hidden prejudice that shapes what we see, think, and do. Viking Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Edmond, T., Megivern, D., Williams, C., Rochman, E., & Howard, M. (2006). Integrating evidence-based practice and social work field education. Journal of Social Work Education, 42(2), 377–396. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5175/JSWE.2006.200404115
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Featherston, R. J., Shlonsky, A., Lewis, C., Luong, M., Downie, L., Vogel, A., Granger, C., Hamilton, B., & Galvin, K. (2018). Intervention to mitigate bias in social work decision-making: A systemic review. Research on Social Work Practice, 29(7), 741–752. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731518819160
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flaherty, C., Ely, G. E., Meyer-Adams, N., Baer, J., & Sutphen, R. D. (2013). Are social work educators bullies? Student perceptions of political discourse in the social work classroom. Journal of Teaching in Social Work, 33(1), 59–74. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/08841233.2012.750259
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. (1979). Discipline and punish. Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. I., Hoy-Ellis, C. P., Goldsen, J., Emlet, C. A., & Hooyman, N. R. (2014). Creating a vision for the future: Key competencies and strategies for culturally competent practice with lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) older adults in the health and human services. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 57(2–4), 80–107. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01634372.2014.890690
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Funge, S. P. (2011). Promoting the social justice orientation of students: The role of the educator. Journal of Social Work Education, 47(1), 73–90. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5175/JSWE.2011.200900035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghoshal, R. A., Lippard, C., Ribas, V., & Muir, K. (2012). Beyond bigotry: Teaching about unconscious prejudice. Teaching Sociology, 41(2), 130–143. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0092055X12446757
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griggs, T., & Tidwell, D. (2015). Learning to teach mindfully: Examining the self in the context of multicultural education. Teaching Education Quarterly, 42(2), 87–104. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1090752.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Groessl, J. (2013). An interdisciplinary ethics module for MSW and nursing students. Social Work Education, 32(5), 639–649. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2012.695342
   Google Scholar
• Hall, W. J., Chapman, M. V., Lee, K. M., Merino, Y. M., Thomas, T. W., Payne, B. K., Eng, E., Day, S. H., & Coyne-Beasley, T. (2015). Implicit racial/ethnic bias among health care professionals and its influence on health care outcomes: A systematic review. American Journal of Public Health, 105(12), e60–e76. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hara, B. (2010, January 28). Reflexive pedagogy. Chronicle of Higher Education. http://www.chronicle.com/blogs/profhacker/reflexive-pedagogy/22939
   Google Scholar
• Heineman-Pieper, J., Tyson, K., & Pieper, M. H. (2002). Doing good science without sacrificing good values: Why the heuristic paradigm is the best choice for social work. Families in Society, 83(1), 15–28. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.41
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodge, D. R. (2002). Does social work oppress evangelical Christians? A “new class” analysis of society and social work. Social Work, 47(4), 401–414. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/47.4.401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman, M. B. (2014). The punisher’s brain: The evolution of judge and jury. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Holroyd, J., Scaife, R., & Stafford, T. (2017). What is implicit bias? Philosophy Compass, 12(10), e12437. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/phc3.12437
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard, H., LeCloux, M., Prescott, D., & Walbam, K. (2019). Reflexivity, ethics, and divergent perspectives: A transformational journey of social work educators. Journal of Urban Social Work, 3(1), 95–109. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1891/2474–8684.3.1.95
   Google Scholar
• Hoyt, C., Jr. (2012). The pedagogy of the meaning of racism: Reconciling a discordant discourse. Social Work, 57(3), 225–234. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/sws009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphries, B. (2008). Social work research for social justice. Macmillan International Higher Education.
   Google Scholar
• Hutchinson, D. L. (2014). Continually reminded of their inferior position: Social dominance, implicit bias, criminality, and race. Washington University Journal of Law & Policy, 46(1/8), 23–115. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_journal_law_policy/vol46/iss1/8/
   Google Scholar
• International Federation of Social Workers. (2018). Global social work statement of ethical principles. https://www.ifsw.org/global-social-work-statement-of-ethical-principles/
   Google Scholar
• Jeffery, D. (2005). ‘What good is anti-racist social work if you can’t master it’? Exploring a paradox in anti-racist social work education. Race Ethnicity and Education, 8(4), 409–425. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13613320500324011
   Google Scholar
• Jost, J. T. (2017). Ideological asymmetries and the essence of political psychology. Political Psychology, 38(2), 167–208. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12407
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn, J. (2017). Race on the brain: What implicit bias gets wrong about the struggle for racial justice. Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kam, P. K. (2014). Back to the ‘social’ of social work: Reviving the social work profession’s contribution to the promotion of social justice. International Social Work, 57(6), 723–740. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872812447118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karger, H. J., & Hernández, M. T. (2004). The decline of the public intellectual in social work. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 31(4), Article 4, 51–68. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/jssw/vol31/iss3/4
   Google Scholar
• Latting, J. K. (1990). Identifying the “isms”: Enabling social work students to confront their biases. Journal of Social Work Education, 26(1), 36–44. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10437797.1990.10672132
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lay, K., & McGuire, L. (2010). Building a lens for critical reflection and reflexivity in social work education. Social Work Education, 29(5), 539–550. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02615470903159125
   Google Scholar
• Lichty, L. F., & Palamaro-Munsell, E. (2017). Pursuing an ethical, socially just classroom: Searching for community psychology pedagogy. American Journal of Community Psychology, 60(3–4), 316–326. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon, S. T. (2009). Social work intellectuals in the twenty-first century: Critical social theory, critical social work and public engagement. Social Work Education, 28(5), 512–527. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02615470802406494
   Google Scholar
• Mattison, M. (2000). Ethical decision making: The person in the process. Social Work, 45(5), 201–212. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02615470802406494
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merriam, S. B., & Bierema, L. L. (2014). Adult learning: Linking theory and practice. Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Mezirow, J. (2011). Transformative learning theory. In J. Mezirow & E. W. Taylor (Eds.), Transformative learning in practice: Insights from community, workplace, and higher education (pp. 18–34). John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, J., & Garran, A. (2017). Racism in the United States. Implications for the helping professionals. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Morgaine, K. (2014). Conceptualizing social justice in social work: Are social workers “too bogged down in the trees”? Journal of Social Justice, 4(1), 1–18. http://transformativestudies.org/wp-content/uploads/Conceptualizing-Social-Justice-in-Social-Work.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Nagda, B. A., Spearmon, M. L., Holley, L. C., Harding, S., Balassone, M. L., Moise-Swanson, D., & Mello, S. D. (1999). Intergroup dialogues: An innovative approach to teaching about diversity and justice in social work programs. Journal of Social Work Education, 35(3), 433–449. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10437797.1999.10778980
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Association of Social Workers. (2017). Code of ethics (Guide to the everyday conduct of social workers). https://www.socialworkers.org/About/Ethics/Code-of-Ethics/Code-of-Ethics-English
   Google Scholar
• Nicotera, N., & Walls, N. E. (2010). Challenging perceptions of academic research as bias free: Promoting a social justice framework in social work research methods courses. Journal of Teaching in Social Work, 30(3), 334–350. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/08841233.2010.498747
   Google Scholar
• Olson, C. J., Reid, C., Threadgill-Goldson, N., Riffe, H. A., & Ryan, P. A. (2013). Voices from the field: Social workers define and apply social justice. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 24(1), 23–42. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10428232.2013.740407
   Google Scholar
• Prescott, D. E. (2013). Social workers as “experts” in the family court system: Is evidence-based practice a missing link or host-created knowledge?. Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work, 10(5), 466–481.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rachlinski, J. J. (2002). The uncertain psychological case for paternalism. Northwestern University Law Review, 97, 1165. https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/facpub/886
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reamer, F. G. (2013). Social work values and ethics. Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Reamer, F. G. (2018). Social workers as expert witnesses: Ethical considerations. Journal of the American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers, 30(1), 437–453. https://cdn.ymaws.com/aaml.org/resource/collection/B64341B0-6413-4F0B-AF32-DA6037C2AEAD/MAT204_9.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Reisch, M., & Andrews, J. (2014). The road not taken: A history of radical social work in the United States. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ronnau, J. P. (1994). Teaching cultural competence: Practical ideas for social work educators. Journal of Multicultural Social Work, 3(1), 29–42. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1300/J285v03n01_04
   Google Scholar
• Rudman, L. A. (2004). Social justice in our minds, homes, and society: The nature, causes, and consequences of implicit bias. Social Justice Research, 17(2), 129–142. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SORE.0000027406.32604.f6
   Google Scholar
• Russell-Brown, K. (2018). The academic swoon over implicit racial bias: Costs, benefits, and other considerations. Du Bois Revie, 15(1), 185–193. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742058X18000073
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders, S., & Hoffman, K. (2010). Ethics education in social work: Comparing outcomes of graduate social work students. Journal of Social Work Education, 46(1), 7–22. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5175/JSWE.2010.200800112
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, K. V., Witt, J., Klaassen, J., Zimmerman, C., & Cheng, A. (2012). High-fidelity simulation and legal/ethical concepts: A transformational learning experience. Nursing Ethics, 19(3), 390–398. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733011423559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staudt, M. (2011). Practitioner biases and child service use disparities: Implications for social work education. Journal of Teaching in Social Work, 31(2), 145–162. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/08841233.2011.562108
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, B. J. (2012). Models for professional judgment in social work. European Journal of Social Work, 15(4), 546–562. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13691457.2012.702310
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, B. J. (2016). Heuristics in professional judgment: A psycho-social rationality model. The British Journal of Social Work, 47(4), 1043–1060. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcw084
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyson, K. (1995). New foundations for scientific social and behavioral research: The heuristic paradigm. Allyn & Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Van Heugten, K. (2011). Registration and social work education: A golden opportunity or a Trojan horse? Journal of Social Work, 11(2), 174–190. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1468017310386695
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verschelden, C. (2017). Bandwidth recovery: Helping students reclaim cognitive resources lost to poverty, racism, and social marginalization. Stylus.
   Google Scholar
• Webb, S. (2002). Evidence-based practice and decision analysis in social work: An implementation model. Journal of Social Work, 2(2), 45–63. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/146801730200200104
   Google Scholar
• Wehbi, S., & Turcotte, P. (2007). Social work education: Neoliberalism’s willing victim. Critical Social Work, 8(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22329/csw.v8i1.5746
   Google Scholar
• Welpinghus, A. (2019). The imagination model of implicit bias. Philosophical Studies, 177, 1–23. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-019-01277-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodcock, R. (2012). Knowing where you stand: Neoliberal and other foundations for social work. Journal of Comparative Social Welfare, 28(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17486831.2011.595077
   Google Scholar