1,059
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Origin and chemical and isotopic evolution of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in groundwater of the Okavango Delta, Botswana

, &
Pages 105-120 | Received 24 Apr 2018, Accepted 03 Nov 2018, Published online: 05 Feb 2019

References

  • Akoko, E., et al., 2013. River-wetland interaction and carbon cycling in a semi-arid riverine system: the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Biogeochemistry, 114, 359–380. doi:10.1007/s10533-012-9817-x
  • Aravena, R., et al., 1992. Evaluating dissolved inorganic carbon cycling in a forested lake watershed using carbon isotopes. Radiocarbon, 343, 636–645. doi:10.1017/S003382220006392X
  • Atekwana, E.A., et al., 2016. Effect of evapotranspiration on dissolved inorganic carbon and stable carbon isotopic evolution in rivers in semi-arid climates: the Okavango Delta in North West Botswana. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 7, 1–13.
  • Atekwana, E.A. and Krishnamurthy, R.V., 1998. Seasonal variations of dissolved inorganic carbon and δ13C of surface waters: application of a modified gas evolution technique. Journal of Hydrology, 205, 265–278. doi:10.1016/S0022-1694(98)00080-8
  • Aucour, A.M., et al., 1999. Use of 13C to trace origin and cycling of inorganic carbon in the Rhône river system. Chemical Geology, 159, 87–105. doi:10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00035-2
  • Bauer, P., et al., 2006. Geoelectrical imaging of groundwater salinization in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 60 (2), 126–141. doi:10.1016/j.jappgeo.2006.01.003
  • Bauer-Gottwein, P., et al., 2007. Okavango Delta islands: interactions between density driven flow and geochemical reactions under evapo-concentration. Journal of Hydrology, 335, 389–405. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.12.010
  • Bird, M.I., Veenendaal, E.M., and Lloyd, J.J., 2004. Soil carbon inventories and δ13C along a moisture gradient in Botswana. Global Change Biology, 10, 342–349. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00695.x
  • Bufford, K.M., et al., 2012. Geometry and faults tectonic activity of the Okavango Rift Zone, Botswana: evidence from magnetotelluric and electrical resistivity tomography imaging. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 65, 61–71. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2012.01.004
  • Cai, W.J. and Wang, Y., 1998. The chemistry, fluxes, and sources of carbon dioxide in the estuarine waters of the Satilla and Altamaha Rivers, Georgia. Limnology and Oceanography, 43, 657–668. doi:10.4319/lo.1998.43.4.0657
  • Cartwright, I., 2010. The origins and behaviour of carbon in a major semi-arid river, the Murray River, Australia, as constrained by carbon isotopes and hydrochemistry. Applied Geochemistry, 25, 1734–1745. doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2010.08.020
  • Clark, I.D. and Fritz, P., 1997. Environmental isotopes in hydrogeology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 352.
  • Company, H., 1992. Water analysis handbook. Loveland, CO: Hach Company.
  • Craig, H., 1961. Isotopic variations in meteoric waters. Science, 133 (3465), 1702–1703. doi:10.1126/science.133.3465.1702
  • De Vries, J.J., Selaolo, E.T., and Beekman, H.E., 2000. Groundwater recharge in the Kalahari, with reference to paleo-hydrologic conditions. Journal of Hydrology, 238 (1), 110–123. doi:10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00325-5
  • Dincer, T., Hutton, L.G., and Kupee, B.B.J., 1979. Study, using stable isotopes, of flow distribution, surface-groundwater relations and evapotranspiration in the Okavango Swamp, Botswana. In: Proceedings Series-International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Neuherberg: IAEA.
  • Ellery, K., Ellery, W.N., and Verhagen, B., 1992. The distribution of C3 plant and C4 plants in a successional sequence in the Okavango Delta. South African Journal of Botany, 58, 400–402. doi:10.1016/S0254-6299(16)30829-8
  • Ellery, W.N., McCarthy, T.S., and Smith, N.D., 2003. Vegetation, hydrology, and sedimentation patterns on the major distributary system of the Okavango Fan, Botswana. Wetlands, 23, 357–375. doi:10.1672/11-20
  • Fritz, P., et al., 1989. The isotope geochemistry of carbon in groundwater at Stripa. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 53, 1765–1775. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(89)90297-4
  • Gehre, M., et al., 2004. Continuous flow 2H/1H and 18O/16O analysis of water samples with dual inlet precision. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 18, 2650–2660. doi:10.1002/rcm.1672
  • Gieske, A., 1997. Modelling outflow from the Jao/Boro river system in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Journal of Hydrology, 193, 214–239. doi:10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03147-2
  • Gondwe, M.J., Masamba, W., and Murray-Hudson, M., 2017. Water balance and variations of nutrients and major solutes along a river transect through the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Botswana Notes and Records, 49, 26–43.
  • Gondwe, M.J. and Masamba, W.R.L., 2016. Variation of physico-chemical parameters along a river transect through the Okavango Delta, Botswana. African Journal of Aquatic Science, 41 (2), 205–215. doi:10.2989/16085914.2016.1169394
  • Gumbricht, T., et al., 2004b. Forecasting the spatial extent of the annual flood in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Journal of Hydrology, 290, 178–191. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.11.010
  • Gumbricht, T., McCarthy, J., and McCarthy, T.S., 2004a. Channels, wetlands and islands in the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and their relation to hydrological and sedimentological processes. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 29 (1), 15–29. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1096-9837
  • Gumbricht, T. and McCarthy, T.S., 2003. Spatial patterns of islands and salt crusts in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. South African Geographical Journal, 85, 164–169. doi:10.1080/03736245.2003.9713797
  • Herczeg, A.L., et al., 1991. Geochemistry of ground waters from the Great Artesian Basin, Australia. Journal of Hydrology, 126, 225–245. doi:10.1016/0022-1694(91)90158-E
  • Huntsman-Mapila, P., et al., 2005. Cryptic indicators of provenance in the geochemistry of the Okavango Delta sediments, NW Botswana. Sedimentary Geology, 174, 123–148. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2004.11.001
  • Huntsman-Mapila, P., et al., 2006. Characterization of arsenic occurrence in the water and sediments of the Okavango Delta, NW Botswana. Applied Geochemistry, 21, 1376–1391. doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2006.05.003
  • Huntsman-Mapila, P., et al., 2011. Arsenic distribution and geochemistry in island groundwater of the Okavango Delta in Botswana. Sustainable Groundwater Resources, 55, 67.
  • Hutton, L.G. and Dincer, T., 1976. Chemistry and stable isotope composition of Okavango Delta waters. UNDP/FAO BOT/71/506. Technical note, 23.
  • Kinabo, B.D., et al., 2007. Early structural development of the Okavango rift zone, NW Botswana. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 48, 125–136. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2007.02.005
  • Kranz, N. and Vorwerk, A., 2007, March. Public participation in transboundary water management. In: Amsterdam conference on the human dimensions of global environmental change, 30 March. Amsterdam: Ecologic, Institut für Internationale und Europäische Umweltpolitik.
  • Langmuir, D., 1971. The geochemistry of some carbonates ground waters in central Pennsylvania. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 35, 1023–1045. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(71)90019-6
  • Leseane, K., et al., 2015. Thermal perturbations beneath the incipient Okavango Rift Zone, northwest Botswana. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 120 (2), 1210–1228.
  • Li, S.L., et al., 2010. Geochemistry of dissolved inorganic carbon and carbonate weathering in a small typical karstic catchment of Southwest China: isotopic and chemical constraints. Chemical Geology, 277 (3), 301–309. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.08.013
  • Linn, F., Masie, M., and Rana, A., 2003. The impacts on groundwater development on shallow aquifers in the lower Okavango Delta, northwestern Botswana. Environmental Geology, 44 (1), 112–118. doi:10.1007/s00254-002-0706-9
  • Mazor, E., et al., 1973. Kalahari ground waters: their hydrogen, carbon and oxygen isotopes. IAEA-SM-182/18.
  • Mazor, E., et al., 1977. Northern Kalahari ground waters: hydrologic, isotopic and chemical studies at Orapa, Botswana. Journal of Hydrology, 34, 203–234. doi:10.1016/0022-1694(77)90132-9
  • Mazor, E., et al., 1980. Chemical composition of groundwaters in the vast Kalahari flatland. Journal of Hydrology, 48, 147–165. doi:10.1016/0022-1694(80)90072-4
  • Mbongwe, B., et al., 2003. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane in the aquatic ecosystem of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, South Africa. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 22, 7–19. doi:10.1002/etc.5620220102
  • McCarthy, J., et al., 2003. Flooding patterns in the Okavango Wetland in Botswana, between 1972 and 2000. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 32, 453–457. doi:10.1579/0044-7447-32.7.453
  • McCarthy, T.S., et al., 2000. Seasonal flooding in the Okavango Delta, Botswana-recent history and future prospects. South African Journal of Geology, 96, 25–33.
  • McCarthy, T.S., 2006. Groundwater in the wetlands of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its contribution to the structure and function of the ecosystem. Journal of Hydrology, 320, 264–282. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.07.045
  • McCarthy, T.S., et al., 2012. Island forming processes in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Geomorphology, 179, 249–257. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.08.016
  • McCarthy, T.S. and Ellery, W.N., 1995. Sedimentation on the distal reaches of the Okavango Fan, Botswana, and its bearing on calcrete and silcrete (ganister) formation. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 65, 77–90.
  • McCarthy, T.S. and Ellery, W.N., 1998. The Okavango Delta. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 53 (2), 157–182. doi:10.1080/00359199809520384
  • McCarthy, T.S., Ellery, W.N., and Ellery, K., 1993. Vegetation-induced, subsurface precipitation of carbonate as an aggradational process in the permanent swamps of the Okavango Delta fan, Botswana. Chemical Geology, 107, 111–131. doi:10.1016/0009-2541(93)90105-R
  • McCarthy, T.S., McIver, J.R., and Cairncross, B., 1986. Carbonate accumulation on islands in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. South African Journal of Science, 82 (10), 588–591.
  • McCarthy, T.S., McIver, J.R., and Verhagen, B.T., 1991. Groundwater evolution, chemical sedimentation and carbonate brine formation on an island in the Okavango Delta swamp, Botswana. Applied Geochemistry, 6, 577–595. doi:10.1016/0883-2927(91)90071-V
  • McCarthy, T.S. and Metcalfe, J., 1990. Chemical sedimentation in the semi-arid environment of the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Chemical Geology, 89, 157–178. doi:10.1016/0009-2541(90)90065-F
  • Mladenov, N., et al., 2005. Effects of annual flooding on dissolved organic carbon dynamics within a pristine wetland, the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Wetlands, 25, 622–638. doi:10.1672/0277-5212(2005)025[0622:EOAFOD]2.0.CO;2
  • Mladenov, N., et al., 2007. Simulation of DOM fluxes in a seasonal floodplain of the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Ecological Modelling, 205 (1), 181–195. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.02.015
  • Mladenov, N., et al., 2013. Abiotic and biotic factors influencing the mobility of arsenic in groundwater of a through-flow island in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Journal of Hydrology. 518, 326–341.
  • Modisi, M.P., et al., 2000. Rift kinematics during the incipient stages of continental extension: evidence from the nascent Okavango rift basin, northwest Botswana. Geology, 28, 939–942. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<939:RKDTIS>2.0.CO;2
  • Molwalefhe, L.N., 2004. Geochemical evidence and origin of salinity in the shallow basinal brine from the Makgadikgadi Pans Complexes, northeastern Botswana. In: Stephenson, Shemang and Chaoka eds. Water resources of arid areas. Taylor & Francis, 409–415.
  • Nichols, G., 2007. Fluvial systems in desiccating endorheic basins. In: G. Nichols, E. Williams, and C. Paola, eds. Sedimentary processes, environments and basins: a tribute to peter friend. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 569–589.
  • Nyberg, B., Gawthorpe, R.L., and Helland-Hansen, W., 2018. The distribution of rivers to terrestrial sinks: implications for sediment routing systems. Geomorphology, 316, 1–23. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.05.007
  • Quade, J., Cerling, T.E., and Bowman, J.R., 1989. Development of Asian monsoon revealed by marked ecological shift during the latest Miocene in northern Pakistan. Nature, 342 (6246), 163. doi:10.1038/342163a0
  • Ramberg, L. and Wolski, P., 2008. Growing islands and sinking solutes: processes maintaining the endorheic Okavango Delta as a freshwater system. Plant Ecology, 196, 215–231. doi:10.1007/s11258-007-9346-1
  • Ramberg, L., Wolski, P., and Krah, M., 2006. Water balance and infiltration in a seasonal floodplain in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Wetlands, 26, 677–690. doi:10.1672/0277-5212(2006)26[677:WBAIIA]2.0.CO;2
  • Reiser, F., et al., 2014. Constraining helicopter electromagnetic models of the Okavango Delta with seismic-refraction and seismic-reflection data Okavango Delta seismic study. Geophysics, 79, B123–B134. doi:10.1190/geo2013-0278.1
  • Ringrose, S., et al., 2009. Origins of strandline duricrusts around the Makgadikgadi Pans (Botswana Kalahari) as deduced from their chemical and isotope composition. Sedimentary Geology, 219, 262–279. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.05.021
  • Sawula, G. and Martins, E., 1991. Major ion chemistry of the lower Boro River, Okavango Delta, Botswana. Journal of Freshwater Biology, 26, 449–481. doi:10.1111/fwb.1991.26.issue-3
  • Shaw, P.A. and Nash, D.J., 1998. Dual mechanisms for the formation of fluvial silcretes in the distal reaches of the Okavango Delta Fan, Botswana. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 23, 705–714. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1096-9837
  • Stadler, S., et al., 2010. Groundwater flow regime, recharge and regional-scale solute transport in the semi-arid Kalahari of Botswana derived from isotope hydrology and hydrochemistry. Journal of Hydrology, 388 (3–4), 291–303. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.05.008
  • Stumm, W. and Morgan, J.J., 1996. Aquatic chemistry. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Inc.
  • Summerfield, M.A., 1983. Silcrete as a palaeoclimatic indicator: evidence from southern Africa. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 41, 65–79. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(83)90076-7
  • Talbot, M.R., 1990. A review of the palaeohydrological interpretation of carbon and oxygen isotopic ratios in primary lacustrine carbonates. Chemical Geology: Isotope Geoscience section. 80 (4), 261–279.
  • Telmer, K. and Veizer, J., 1999. Carbon fluxes, pCO2 and substrate weathering in a large northern river basin, Canada: carbon isotope perspectives. Chemical Geology, 159, 61–86. doi:10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00034-0
  • Vogel, J.C. and Van Urk, H., 1975. Isotopic composition of groundwater in semi-arid regions of southern Africa. Journal of Hydrology, 25, 23–36. doi:10.1016/0022-1694(75)90036-0
  • Wang, L., et al., 2007. Biogeochemistry of Kalahari sands. Journal of Arid Environments, 71, 259–279. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2007.03.016
  • Wang, L., et al., 2010. Patterns and implications of plant-soil δ13C and δ15N values in African savanna ecosystems. Quaternary Research, 73, 77–83. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2008.11.004
  • Wilk, J., et al., 2006. Estimating rainfall and water balance over the Okavango River Basin for hydrological applications. Journal of Hydrology, 331, 18–29. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.04.049
  • Wilson, B.H. and Dincer, T., 1976. An introduction to the hydrology and hydrography of the Okavango Delta. In: Symposium on the Okavango Delta. Botswana: Botswana Society, Gaborone, 33–48.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.