792
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Switch in chemical weathering caused by the mass balance variability in a Himalayan glacierized basin: a case of Chhota Shigri Glacier

, , , , ORCID Icon, & show all
Pages 179-189 | Received 12 May 2017, Accepted 06 Dec 2018, Published online: 08 Feb 2019

References

  • Anderson, S.P., 2005. Glaciers show direct linkage between erosion rate and chemical weathering fluxes. Geomorphology, 67 (1–2), 147–157. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.07.010
  • Arendt, A.A., 2002. Rapid wastage of Alaska glaciers and their contribution to rising sea level. Science, 297 (5580), 382–386. doi:10.1126/science.1072497
  • Azam, F., et al., 2016. Meteorological conditions, seasonal and annual mass balances of Chhota Shigri Glacier, western Himalaya, India. Annals of Glaciology, 57 (71), 328–338. doi:10.3189/2016AOG71570
  • Bernasconi, S.M., et al., 2011. Chemical and biological gradients along the damma glacier soil chronosequence, Switzerland. Vadose Zone Journal, 10 (3), 867. doi:10.2136/vzj2010.0129
  • Brown, G.H., et al., 1996. Subglacial chemical erosion: seasonalvariation in solute provenance, Haut Glacier d’ Arolla, Valais, Switzerland. Annals of Glaciology, 8 (5), 465–480. doi:10.1017/S0260305500015172
  • Brown, G.H., 2002. Glacier meltwater hydrochemistry. Applied Geochemistry, 17 (7), 855–883. doi:10.1016/S0883-2927(01)00123-8
  • Chen, Z., et al., 2001. Yangtze River of China: historical analysis of discharge variability and sediment flux. Geomorphology, 41, 77–91. doi:10.1016/S0169-555X(01)00106-4
  • Christophersen, N. and Hooper, R., 1992. Multivariate analysis of stream water chemical data: the use of principal components analysis for the end-member mixing problem. Water Resources Research, 28 (1), 99–107. doi:10.1029/91WR02518
  • Conover, W.J. and Iman, R.L., 1981. Rank transformations as a bridge between parametric and nonparametric statistics. The American Statistician, 35 (3), 124–129. doi:10.1080/00031305.1981.10479327
  • Dyurgerov, M.B. and Meier, M.F., 1997. Year-to-year fluctuations of global mass balance of small glaciers and their contribution to sea-level changes. Arctic Alpine Research, 29 (4), 392. doi:10.2307/1551987
  • Fu, J., et al., 2014. Heavy metals in surface sediments of the Jialu River, China: their relations to environmental factors. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 270, 102–109. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.01.044
  • Gardner, S., et al., 2013. A reconciled estimate of glacier contributions to sea level rise: 2003 to 2009. Science (80), 340 (6134), 852–857. doi:10.1126/science.1234532
  • Gibbs, M. and Kump, L., 1994. Global chemical erosion during the last glacial maximum and the present: sensitivity to changes in lithology and hydrology. Paleoceanography, 9 (4), 529–543. doi:10.1029/94PA01009
  • Gornitz, V., Lebedeff, S., and Hansen, J., 1982. Global sea level trend in the past century. Science (80), 215 (4540), 1611–1614. doi:10.1126/science.215.4540.1611
  • Haritashya, U.K., et al., 2006. Suspended sediment from the Gangotri Glacier: quantification, variability and associations with discharge and air temperature. Journal of Hydrology, 321 (1–4), 116–130. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.07.037
  • Hasnain, S., Subramanian, V., and Dhanpal, K., 1989. Chemical characteristics and suspended sediment load of meltwaters from a Himalayan glacier in India. Journal of Hydrology, 106 (1–2), 99–108. doi:10.1016/0022-1694(89)90168-6
  • Hodson, A., Tranter, M., and Vatne, G., 2000. Contemporary rates of chemical denudation and atmospheric CO2 sequestration in glacier basins: an arctic perspective. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 25 (13), 1447–1471. doi:10.1002/1096-9837(200012)25:13
  • Katoch, K. (1989) Study of moraines with special reference to metallic minerals in Chhota Shigri glacier in Lahaul and Spiti District, Himachal Pradesh. New Delhi: Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, Technical Report, 299–301.
  • Kumar, K., et al., 2009. Solute dynamics of meltwater of Gangotri glacier, Garhwal Himalaya, India. Environmental Geology, 58 (6), 1151–1159. doi:10.1007/s00254-008-1592-6
  • Kumar, N., et al., 2018. Tracer-based estimation of temporal variation of water sources: an insight from supra- and subglacial environments. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 63 (11), 1717–1732. doi:10.1080/02626667.2018.1526381
  • Kumar, S., et al., 1987. Chhota Shigri glacier. New Delhi: Department of Science and Technology, Technical Report 1, 1–29.
  • Kumar, S. and Dobhal, D., 1997. Climatic effects and bedrock control on rapid fluctuations of Chhota Shigri glacier, northwest Himalaya, India. Journal of Glaciology, 43 (145), 467–472. doi:10.1017/S0022143000035061
  • Mark, B.G. and Seltzer, G.O., 2003. Tropical glacier meltwater contribution to stream discharge: a case study in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru. Journal of Glaciology, 49, 271–281. doi:10.3189/172756503781830746
  • Marzeion, B., Jarosch, A.H., and Hofer, M., 2012. Past and future sea-level change from the surface mass balance of glaciers. The Cryosphere, 6 (6), 1295–1322. doi:10.5194/tc-6-1295-2012
  • Matthews, J.A., 1992. The ecology of recently deglaciated terrain: a geoecological approach to glacier forelands and primary succession. doi:10.1002/jqs.3390080213
  • Mavris, C., et al., 2012. Weathering and mineralogical evolution in a high Alpine soil chronosequence: a combined approach using SEM-EDX, cathodoluminescence and Nomarski DIC microscopy. Sedimentary Geology, 280, 108–118. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2012.04.008
  • Meier, M.F., et al., 2007. Glaciers dominate eustatic sea-level rise in the 21st century. Science, 317 (5841), 1064–1067. doi:10.1126/science.1143906
  • Meybeck, M., et al., 2003. Global variability of daily total suspended solids and their fluxes in rivers. Global and Planetary Change, 39, 65–93. doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(03)00018-3
  • Milner, A.M., et al., 2017. Glacier shrinkage driving global changes in downstream systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114 (37), 9770–9778. doi:10.1073/pnas.1619807114
  • Nienow, P., Sharp, M., and Willis, I., 1998. Seasonal changes in the morphology of the subglacial drainage system, Haut Glacier d’Arolla, Switzerland. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 23 (9), 825–843. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199809)23:9<825::AID-ESP893>3.0.CO;2-2
  • Nijampurkar, V., Sarin, M., and Rao, D., 1993. Chemical composition of snow and ice from Chhota Shigri glacier, Central Himalaya. Journal of Hydrology, 151 (1), 19–34. doi:10.1016/0022-1694(93)90246-6
  • Oerlemans, J. and Gregory, J.M., 1998. Simulated future sea-level rise due to glacier melt based on regionally and seasonally resolved temperature changes. Nature, 391 (6666), 474–476. doi:10.1038/35119
  • Pandey, S.K., 1999. Aspect of weathering processes and chemical characteristics of Pindari glacier meltwater, Kamao, Himalaya, India. Ph.D. Thesis. Jawaharlal Nehru University.
  • Paul, F., Kääb, A., and Haeberli, W., 2007. Recent glacier changes in the Alps observed by satellite: consequences for future monitoring strategies. Global and Planetary Change, 56, 111–122. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.07.007
  • Raiswell, R., 1984. Chemical models of solute acquisition in glacial melt waters. Journal of Glaciology, 30 (104), 49–57. doi:10.1017/S0022143000008480
  • Ramanathan, A.L., 2011. Status report on Chhota Shigri glacier (Himachal Pradesh). New Delhi: Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology. Himalayan Glaciology Technical Report Number 1, (88).
  • Reynolds, R. and Johnson, N., 1972. Chemical weathering in the temperate glacial environment of the Northern Cascade Mountains. Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, 36 (5), 537–554. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(72)90074-9
  • Richards, K., et al., 1996. An integrated approach to modelling hydrology and water quality in glacierized catchments. Hydrological Processes, 10 (4), 479–508. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199604)10:4<479::AID-HYP406>3.0.CO;2-D
  • Salerno, F., et al., 2016. Glacier melting increases the solute concentrations of Himalayan glacial lakes. Environmental Science and Technology, 50 (17), 9150–9160. doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b02735
  • Shapiro, S.S. and Francia, R.S., 1972. An approximate analysis of variance test for normality. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 67 (337), 215–216. doi:10.1080/01621459.1972.10481232
  • Shapiro, S.S. and Wilk, M.B., 1965. An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples). Biometrika, 52 (3–4), 591–611. doi:10.1093/biomet/52.3-4.591
  • Sharma, P. and Ramanathan, A.L., 2013. Study of solute sources and evolution of hydrogeochemical processes of the Chhota Shigri glacier meltwaters, Himachal Himalaya, India. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (5), 1128–1143. doi:10.1080/02626667.2013.802092
  • Sharp, M. and Tranter, M., 2017. Rates of chemical weathering in glaciated terrain (MT). Geochemical Perspectives, 6 (2), 261–265.
  • Sharp, M. and Tranter, M., 2018. Glacier biogeochemistry. Geochemical Perspectives, 7 (1), 1–164.
  • Singh, A. and Hasnain, S., 1998. Major ion chemistry and weathering control in a high altitude basin: alaknanda river, Garhwal Himalaya, India. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 43 (6), 825–843. doi:10.1080/02626669809492181
  • Singh, P. and Ramasastri, K.S., 1999. Project report on Dokriani Glacier. Roorkee, India: National Institute of Hydrology, 143 pp.
  • Singh, V., Ramanathan, A.L., and Pottakkal, J., 2012. Chemical characterisation of meltwater draining from Gangotri glacier, Garhwal Himalaya, India. Journal of Earth System Science, 121 (3), 625–636. doi:10.1007/s12040-012-0177-7
  • Singh, V., Ramanathan, A.L., and Sharma, P., 2015. Dissolved ion chemistry and suspended sediment characteristics of meltwater draining from Chhota Shigri Glacier, western Himalaya, India. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 8 (1), 281–293. doi:10.1007/s12517-013-1176-y
  • Singh, V.B., 2016. Hydrological characteristics and solute dynamics of meltwater draining from Western Himalaya, India. Thesis (PhD). Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
  • Stachnik, L., et al., 2016. Chemical denudation and the role of sulfide oxidation at Werenskioldbreen, Svalbard. Journal of Hydrology, 538, 177–193. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.03.059
  • Thibert, E., et al., 2008. Glaciological and volumetric mass-balance measurements: error analysis over 51 years for Glacier de Sarennes, French Alps. Journal of Glaciology, 54 (186), 522–532. doi:10.3189/002214308785837093
  • Tranter, M., 1982. Controls on the chemical composition of Alpine glacial melt waters. Thesis (PhD). University of East Anglia, UK.
  • Tranter, M., et al., 1993. A conceptual model of solute acquisition by Alpine glacial meltwaters. Journal of Glaciology, 39 (133), 573–581. doi:10.1017/S0022143000016464
  • Tranter, M., et al., 1996. Hydrochemistry as an indicator of subglacial drainage system structure: a comparison of alpine and sub‐polar environments. Hydrological Processes, 10 (4), 541–556. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199604)10:4<541::AID-HYP391>3.0.CO;2-9
  • Tranter, M., et al., 2002. Geochemical weathering at the bed of Haut Glacier d’Arolla, Switzerland – A new model. Hydrological Processes, 16 (5), 959–993. doi:10.1002/hyp.309
  • Tranter, M., 2006. Glacial chemical weathering, runoff composition and solute fluxes. In: P.G. Knight, ed. Glacier science and environmental change. Oxford: Blackwell Science. doi:10.1002/9780470750636.ch14
  • Tranter, M. and Raiswell, R., 1991. The composition of the englacial and subglacial component in bulk meltwaters draining the Gornergletscher, Switzerland. Journal of Glaciology, 37 (125), 59–66. doi:10.3198/1991JoG37-125-59-66
  • US Department of the Interior, 1997. Water measurement manual. 3rd ed.Washington, DC: Scientific Publication, 10.37–10.38.
  • Wadham, J.L., et al., 1998. The hydrochemistry of meltwaters draining a polythermal-based, high Arctic glacier, south Svalbard: I. The ablation season. Hydrological Processes, 12 (12), 1825–1849. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19981015)12:12<1825::AID-HYP669>3.0.CO;2-R
  • Wadham, J.L., et al., 2001. Enhancement of glacial solute fluxes in the proglacial zone of a polythermal glacier. Journal of Glaciology, 47 (158), 378–386. doi:10.3189/172756501781832188
  • Wadham, J.L., et al., 2010a. Hydro-biogeochemical coupling beneath a large polythermal Arctic glacier: implications for subice sheet biogeochemistry. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115 (F4), F04017. doi:10.1029/2009JF001602
  • Wadham, J.L., et al., 2010b. Biogeochemical weathering under ice: size matters. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 24 (3), n/a-n/a. doi:10.1029/2009GB003688
  • Wadham, J.L., Tranter, M., and Dowdeswell, J.A., 2000. Hydrochemistry of meltwaters draining a polythermal-based, high-Arctic glacier, south Svalbard: II. Winter and early Spring. Hydrological Processes, 14 (10), 1767–1786. doi:10.1002/1099-1085(200007)14:10<1767::AID-HYP103>3.0.CO;2-Q
  • Wagnon, P., et al., 2007. Four years of mass balance on Chhota Shigri Glacier, Himachal Pradesh, India, a new benchmark glacier in the western Himalaya. Journal of Glaciology, 53 (183), 603–611. doi:10.3189/002214307784409306
  • Williams, W., et al., 2016. Using geochemical and isotopic chemistry to evaluate glacier melt contributions to the Chamkar Chhu (river), Bhutan. Annals of Glaciology, 57 (71), 339–348. doi:10.3189/2016AoG71A068
  • Wilson, A., et al., 2016. Use of a hydrologic mixing model to examine the roles of meltwater, precipitation and groundwater in the Langtang River basin, Nepal. Annals of Glaciology, 57 (71), 155–168. doi:10.3189/2016AoG71A067

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.