References
- Adrian, R., et al., 1999. Effects of ice duration on plankton succession during spring in a shallow polymictic lake. Freshwater Biology, 41 (3), 621–634. doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.1999.00411.x.
- Adrian, R., et al., 2009. Lakes as sentinels of climate change. Limnology and Oceanography, 54 (6part2), 2283–2297. doi:https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2009.54.6_part_2.2283.
- Assessment, M.E., 2005. Ecosystems and human well-being: wetlands and water. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.
- Bennett, E.B., 1978. Characteristics of the thermal regime of lake superior. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 4 (3–4), 310–319. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(78)72200-8.
- Boehrer, B. and Schultze, M., 2008. Stratification of lakes. Reviews of Geophysics, 46 (2), 2. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2006RG000210.
- Chen, H., et al., 2009. High methane emissions from a littoral zone on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Atmospheric Environment, 43 (32), 4995–5000. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.07.001.
- Churchill, J.H. and Charles Kerfoot, W., 2007. The impact of surface heat flux and wind on thermal stratification in Portage Lake, Michigan. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 33 (1), 143–155. doi:https://doi.org/10.3394/0380-1330(2007)33[143:TIOSHF]2.0.CO;2.
- Ficker, H., Luger, M., and Gassner, H., 2017. From dimictic to monomictic: empirical evidence of thermal regime transitions in three deep alpine lakes in Austria induced by climate change. Freshwater Biology, 62 (8), 1335–1345. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.12946.
- Fontes, J.-C., Gasse, F., and Gibert, E., 1996. Holocene environmental changes in Lake Bangong basin (Western Tibet). Part 1: chronology and stable isotopes of carbonates of a Holocene lacustrine core. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 120 (1–2), 25–47. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(95)00032-1.
- Fritz, S.C., 2008. Deciphering climatic history from lake sediments. Journal of Paleolimnology, 39 (1), 5–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-007-9134-x.
- Gerten, D. and Adrian, R., 2002. Species-specific changes in the phenology and peak abundance of freshwater copepods in response to warm summers. Freshwater Biology, 47 (11), 2163–2173. doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2002.00970.x.
- Gulati, R.D., Zadereev, E.S., and Degermendzhi, A.G., 2017. Ecology of meromictic lakes. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
- He, J., et al., 2020. The first high-resolution meteorological forcing dataset for land process studies over China. Scientific Data, 7 (1), 25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0369-y.
- Hurst, H., 1951. Long-term storage capacity of reservoirs. Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 116 (1), 770–799.
- Hutchinson, G.E. and Edmondson, Y.H., 1957. A treatise on limnology. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
- Idso, S.B., 1973. On the concept of lake stability. Limnology and Oceanography, 18 (4), 681–683. doi:https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1973.18.4.0681.
- Imberger, J., 1985. The diurnal mixed layer. Limnology and Oceanography, 30 (4), 737–770. doi:https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1985.30.4.0737.
- Imberger, J. and Patterson, J.C., 1989. Physical limnology. In: J.W. Hutchinson and T.Y. Wu, eds. Advances in applied mechanics. Elsevier, Vol. 27, 303–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2156(08)70199-6
- Immerzeel, W.W., et al., 2020. Importance and vulnerability of the world’s water towers. Nature, 577 (7790), 364–369. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1822-y.
- Khan, A., et al., 2014. How large is the upper indus basin? The pitfalls of auto-delineation using DEMs. Journal of Hydrology, 509, 442–453. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.11.028.
- Kraemer, B.M., et al., 2015. Morphometry and average temperature affect lake stratification responses to climate change. Geophysical Research Letters, 42 (12), 4981–4988. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL064097.
- Kropáček, J., et al., 2013. Analysis of ice phenology of lakes on the Tibetan Plateau from MODIS data. The Cryosphere, 7 (1), 287–301. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-287-2013.
- Lazhu, et al., Submitted. A new finding on the prevalence of rapid water warming during lake ice melting on the Tibetan Plateau.
- Leavitt, P.R. and Hodgson, D.A., 2001. Sedimentary pigments. In: J.P. Smol, ed. Tracking environmental change using lake sediments: terrestrial, algal, and siliceous indicators. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 295–325.
- Lehmkuhl, F. and Haselein, F., 2000. Quaternary paleoenvironmental change on the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent areas (Western China and Western Mongolia). Quaternary International, 65-66, 121–145. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1040-6182(99)00040-3
- Lehner, B., Verdin, K., and Jarvis, A., 2006. HydroSHEDS technical documentation, version 1.0. Washington, DC: World Wildlife Fund US, 1–27.
- Lei, Y., et al., 2017. Lake seasonality across the Tibetan Plateau and their varying relationship with regional mass changes and local hydrology. Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (2), 892–900. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL072062.
- Lei, Y., et al., 2019. Thermal regime, energy budget and lake evaporation at Paiku Co, a deep alpine lake in the central Himalayas. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2019, 1–27.
- Li, W., et al., 2001. Meromixis in Zige Tangco, central Tibetan Plateau. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 44 (S1), 338–342. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02912004.
- Li, Z., et al., 2015. Changes in the glacier extent and surface elevation in Xiongcaigangri region, Southern Karakoram Mountains, China. Quaternary International, 371, 67–75. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.12.004.
- Liu, S., et al., 2013. The depositional environment and organic sediment component of Dagze Co, a saline lake in Tibet, China. Acta Ecol Sin, 33 (18), 5785–5793. doi:https://doi.org/10.5846/stxb201306071419.
- Livingstone, D.M., 2003. Impact of Secular Climate Change on the Thermal Structure of a Large Temperate Central European Lake. Climatic Change, 57 (1/2), 205–225. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022119503144.
- Macintyre, S., et al., 2009. Climate-related variations in mixing dynamics in an Alaskan arctic lake. Limnology and Oceanography, 54 (6, part2), 2401–2417. doi:https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2009.54.6_part_2.2401.
- Macintyre, S., 2013. Climatic variability, mixing dynamics, and ecological consequences in the African Great Lakes. In: C.R. Goldman, M. Kumagai, and R.D. Robarts, eds. Climatic change and global warming of inland waters: impacts and mitigation for ecosystems and societies. Wiley, 311–336.
- Magee, M.R. and Wu, C.H., 2017. Response of water temperatures and stratification to changing climate in three lakes with different morphometry. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21 (12), 6253–6274. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-6253-2017.
- Magnuson, J.J., et al., 2000. Historical trends in lake and river ice cover in the northern hemisphere. Science, 289 (5485), 1743–1746. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5485.1743.
- Messager, M.L., et al., 2016. Estimating the volume and age of water stored in global lakes using a geo-statistical approach. Nature Communications, 7 (1), 13603. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13603.
- Meyers, P.A. and Lallier-Vergés, E., 1999. Lacustrine sedimentary organic matter records of late quaternary paleoclimates. Journal of Paleolimnology, 21 (3), 345–372. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008073732192.
- Millero, F.J., Gonzalez, A., and Ward, G.K., 1976. The density of seawater solutions at one atmosphere as a function of temperature and salinity. Journal of Marine Research, 34 (1), 61–93.
- Mischke, S., et al., 2010. Lateglacial and Holocene variation in aeolian sediment flux over the northeastern Tibetan Plateau recorded by laminated sediments of a saline meromictic lake. Journal of Quaternary Science, 25 (2), 162–177. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1288.
- Mishra, A.K., Özger, M., and Singh, V.P., 2009. An entropy-based investigation into the variability of precipitation. Journal of Hydrology, 370 (1–4), 139–154. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.03.006.
- Mueller, D.R., et al., 2009. High Arctic lakes as sentinel ecosystems: cascading regime shifts in climate, ice cover, and mixing. Limnology and Oceanography, 54 (6, part2), 2371–2385. doi:https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2009.54.6_part_2.2371.
- North, C.P. and Halliwell, D.I., 1994. Bias in estimating fractal dimension with the rescaled-range (R/S) technique. Mathematical Geology, 26 (5), 531–555. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02089240.
- O’Reilly, C.M., et al., 2015. Rapid and highly variable warming of lake surface waters around the globe. Geophysical Research Letters, 42 (24), 10,773–10,781.
- Paerl, H.W., et al., 1975. Seasonal nitrate cycling as evidence for complete vertical mixing in Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada. Limnology and Oceanography, 20 (1), 1–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1975.20.1.0001.
- Qiao, C., et al., 2010 Lake shrinkage analysis using spectral-spatial coupled remote sensing on Tibetan Plateau. In: IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 25–30 July 2010 Honolulu, HI, 926–929.
- Read, J.S., et al., 2011. Derivation of lake mixing and stratification indices from high-resolution lake buoy data. Environmental Modelling and Software, 26 (11), 1325–1336. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.05.006.
- Roemmich, D. and Mcgowan, J., 1995. Climatic warming and the decline of zooplankton in the California Current. Science, 267 (5202), 1324–1326. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.267.5202.1324.
- Saber, A., James, D.E., and Hayes, D.F., 2018. Effects of seasonal fluctuations of surface heat flux and wind stress on mixing and vertical diffusivity of water column in deep lakes. Advances in Water Resources, 119, 150–163. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2018.07.006
- Sahoo, G.B., et al., 2016. Climate change impacts on lake thermal dynamics and ecosystem vulnerabilities. Limnology and Oceanography, 61 (2), 496–507. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10228.
- Schindler, D.W., 1997. Widespread effects of climatic warming on freshwater ecosystems in North America. Hydrological Processes, 11 (8), 1043–1067. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19970630)11:8<1043::AID-HYP517>3.0.CO;2-5.
- Schmidt, W., 1928. Über Die Temperatur-Und Stabili-Tätsverhältnisse Von Seen. Geografiska Annaler, 10 (1–2), 145–177.
- Sharma, S., et al., 2019. Widespread loss of lake ice around the Northern Hemisphere in a warming world. Nature Climate Change, 9 (3), 227–231. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0393-5.
- Smol, J.P., et al., 2005. Climate-driven regime shifts in the biological communities of arctic lakes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102 (12), 4397. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0500245102.
- Straile, D., 2002. North atlantic oscillation synchronizes food-web interactions in central European lakes. Proceedings Biological Sciences/The Royal Society, 269 (1489), 391–395. doi:https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2001.1907.
- Tan, Z., Yao, H., and Zhuang, Q., 2018. A small temperate lake in the 21st century: dynamics of water temperature, ice phenology, dissolved oxygen, and chlorophyll a. Water Resources Research, 54 (7), 4681–4699. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2017WR022334.
- Thompson, R., 1980. Response of a numerical model of a stratified lake to wind stress. In: Proceedings of the second international symposium stratified flows, IAHR, 1980 Trondheim, Norway.
- Wan, W., et al., 2016. A lake data set for the Tibetan Plateau from the 1960s, 2005, and 2014. Scientific Data, 3 (1), 160039. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.39.
- Wang, B., et al., 2017. Physical controls on half-hourly, daily, and monthly turbulent flux and energy budget over a high-altitude small lake on the Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 122 (4), 2289–2303.
- Wang, B., et al., 2020a. Quantifying the evaporation amounts of 75 high-elevation large dimictic lakes on the Tibetan Plateau. Science Advances, 6 (26), eaay8558. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay8558.
- Wang, J., et al., 2009. Investigation of bathymetry and water quality of Lake Nam Co, the largest lake on the central Tibetan Plateau, China. Limnology, 10 (2), 149–158. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10201-009-0266-8.
- Wang, J., et al., 2019. Spatial and temporal variations in water temperature in a high-altitude deep dimictic mountain lake (Nam Co), central Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 45 (2), 212–223. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2018.12.005.
- Wang, J., et al., 2020b. Seasonal stratification of a deep, high-altitude, dimictic lake: nam Co, Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Hydrology, 584, 124668. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124668.
- Wang, L., et al., 2012. The East Asian winter monsoon over the last 15,000 years: its links to high-latitudes and tropical climate systems and complex correlation to the summer monsoon. Quaternary Science Reviews, 32, 131–142. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.11.003.
- Wang, M., Hou, J., and Lei, Y., 2014. Classification of Tibetan lakes based on variations in seasonal lake water temperature. Chinese Science Bulletin, 59 (34), 4847–4855. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-014-0588-8.
- Wang, W., et al., 2018. Global lake evaporation accelerated by changes in surface energy allocation in a warmer climate. Nature Geoscience, 11 (6), 410–414. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0114-8.
- Wetzel, R.G., 2001. Limnology: lake and river ecosystems. San Diego, CA: Gulf Professional Publishing. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080574394500022
- Winder, M. and Schindler, D.E., 2004. Climate change uncouples trophic interactions in an aquatic ecosystem. Ecology, 85 (8), 2100–2106. doi:https://doi.org/10.1890/04-0151.
- Woolway, R.I., et al., 2020. Global lake responses to climate change. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment., 1 (8), 388–403. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-020-0067-5.
- Woolway, R.I. and Merchant, C.J., 2019. Worldwide alteration of lake mixing regimes in response to climate change. Nature Geoscience, 12 (4), 271–276. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0322-x.
- Wüest, A., Piepke, G., and Van Senden, D.C., 2000. Turbulent kinetic energy balance as a tool for estimating vertical diffusivity in wind-forced stratified waters. Limnology and Oceanography, 45 (6), 1388–1400. doi:https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2000.45.6.1388.
- Yan, F., et al., 2018. Lakes on the Tibetan Plateau as conduits of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 123 (7), 2091–2103.
- Zhang, G., et al., 2019. A robust but variable lake expansion on the Tibetan Plateau. Science Bulletin, 64 (18), 1306–1309. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2019.07.018.
- Zhang, G., et al., 2020. Response of Tibetan Plateau lakes to climate change: trends, patterns, and mechanisms. Earth-Science Reviews, 208, 103269. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103269.