Islam in East Europe

References

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• In early 1991, the 'Rezolucija o Kosovu' (Glasnik RIZ u SFRJ, 1991, 1) of the Sarajevo Muslim leadership was already sympathetic to the Kosovars' plight and talked of 'Islamic duty and human solidarity'. A few months later die Reis al-ulama's 'Memorandum on the Muslim Community in Yugoslavia' (Glasnik RIZ u SFRJ, 1991, S) spoke of (Serbian) 'police regime' and 'mass violation of human rights of the Albanian population'. (The same document already envisaged the possibility of genocide against Bosnian Muslims.) This issue of Glasnik also reports on the arrest of the Head of the Islamic Community in Prishtina: A. Kadribegovic, Hapsenje poglavara Islamske zajednice
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• The Czech Muslims publish a newsletter, Hlas. Its summer 1998 issue reported on the Brno mosque. On the house of worship of the Hungarian Islamic Community, see Magyar Nennet (Budapest), 8 July 1997. The project of an 'Islamic Centre' in a Bratislava suburb had been raised by Arabs residing in Slovakia in 1993 and was rejected by the local authorities-Hospodarske Noviny (Bratislava), 10 January 1994
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• Kasumovic , I. 1991 . 'Prvi susret muslimana Istocne Evrope' . Glasnik RIZ u SFRJ , : 5 Called together by Jakub Selimoski the 'Conference on die Future of Islam in East Europe' took place in August 1991 in the Sarajevo Holiday Inn-M. Omerdic, Osnivanje saveza islamskih zajednica Istocne Evrope', and Al-Semmari, op cit, note 11; C. Sorabji, 'Islam and Bosnia's Muslim nation', in Carter and Noms, op cit, note 10.
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• Bejtja , A. 1999 . Islam, 'Albanians and war in Kosovo' . AIM , 31 May The editorials of Mohamed Sid-Ahmed and Salama Ahmed Salama in the 1-7 April, Hassan Nafaa in the 15-21 April 1999 issues of Al-Ahram Weekly, are good examples and so is A. Jaballah, 'Ma'sat Kosovo bayn al-'agz wat-tasaulat al-muhayyira' ('The tragedy of Kosovo between helplessness and confusing questions'), Al-Europiya, June 1999. This magazine (of the Federation of the Islamic Organisations in Europe) is purported to become the representative organ of arabophone European Muslims. To accuse the Atlantic Alliance of becoming the instrument of US domination in Europe, and West European social democrat leaders of betraying socialism by supporting the NATO war in Yugoslavia without a UN mandate, are phoney and disturbing arguments for Balkan Muslims and East European minorities threatened by post-communists (and not just by Milosevic). Such arguments were raised not only by Al-Ahram but also in several articles of the April 1999 issues of Le monde diplomatique. See also
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• Kane , H. 1992 . 'Media reports from Bosnia: a mixture of outright lies, staged events and untold stories' . The Globe and Mail (Toronto) , 17 October : 76 Many Jews worldwide and in Israel, particularly on the side of Labour, were sympathetic with Kosovars and Boshnyaks as victims of genocide. In a March 1999 public letter to President Clinton the Reform Jewish Organization of the USA backed him and NATO on the air-strikes (http://shamash.org/reform/rac/ news/032499.html). On the other hand, former Israeli Defense Minister Ariel Sharon had warned against Kosovar Albanian independence insisting it would create a greater Albanian 'fundamentalist Islamic state' in the heart of Europe. (Sharon Remarks on 'Large Islamic Block in Europe', Ma'ariv, 8 April 1999) Director of the Jerusalem Institute for Western Defense, Yohanan Ramati, also criticized the idea of US intervention. (Jerusalem Post, 15 October 1998). It is interesting to note that the Jewish Defense League has co-operated with the Serbian Unity Congress and taken Serbia's side since the Bosnian war.
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• Bougarel , X. 1995 . 'Ramadan during a civil war' . Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations , 6 ( 1 ) : 80 According to the Pantic survey the level of religious observance among the 'Muslims' ('nation') of Yugoslavia was 37 per cent in 1990-D. Pantic, 'Religioznost gradana Jugoslavije', Jugoslavia na Kriznoj Prekretnici, Belgrade, Institut Drustvenih Nauka, 1991, quoted by
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• Nonneman , G. , Niblock , T. and Szajkowski , B. , eds. 1996 . Muslim Communities in the New Europe , New York : Ithaca Press . few studies acknowledge the distinctive particularities of Islam among religions. The Middle Eastern dimension and substance of contemporary Balkan Islam is not discussed by the authors of Muslim Identity, op cit, note 9. It is more about ethnicity.
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• Vertovec , S. and Peach , C. , eds. 1997 . Islam in Europe , London : MacMillan Press . is mostly about the western part of the continent.
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• Popovic , A. 1986 . L'Islam balkanique , Wiesbaden : Harrassowitz . is still the main, if not the only real scholarly reference on post-Ottoman Islam in the region despite the dramatic developments since its publication
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• 1997 . The Summer/Fall special issue of Islamic Studies (Islamabad) , 36 ( 2-3 ) contains a number of articles on religion itself. For short surveys see
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• Lani , R. 1998 . Tirana: adieu brethren Muslims' . Alternativna Informativna Mreza {AIM} (Paris) , 11 January realize this problem. They talk of 6-9 million Muslims in East Europe. The method is for example to multiply the current population of Albania by 0.7, the proportion of Muslims in 1945. This would mean 2.5 million Muslims in today's Albania! 'Groups for the protection of human rights active in Albania demanded a new religious census of the population which would give a more precise picture of the religious reality in the country.'
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