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Original Articles

Nationalism as a geopolitical phenomenon: The Central Asian case

Pages 183-194 | Published online: 01 Jul 2010

References

  • Deutsch , Karl . 1978 . The Analysis of International Relations , 198 Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice-Hall .
  • Kasenov , Umirserik . 1998 . “ 'Post-Soviet modernization in Central Asia: realities and prospects' ” . In Central Asia: The Challenges of Independence , Edited by: Rumer , Boris and Zhukov , Stanislav . 49 New York : M.R Sharpe .
  • Anderson , Benedict . 1991 . Imagined Communities. Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism , London : Verso .
  • Mackinder , H.J. 1904 . 'The geographical pivot of history' . The Geographical Journal , 23 ( 4 ) : 434
  • Hauner , M. 1992 . What is Asia to Us. Russia's Asian Heartland Yesterday and Today , London : Routledge .
  • Renan , Ernest . 1882 . Qu'est-ce qu'une nation? , 26 Paris : Calmann-Levy .
  • Ibid, p 29.
  • Breuilly , John . 1982 . Nationalism and the State , 348 Manchester : Manchester University Press .
  • Lubin , Nancy . 1994 . “ 'Central Asia: issues and challenges for United States policy' ” . In The New Geopolitics of Central Asia and Its Borderlands , Edited by: Banuazizi , AIi and Weiner , Myron . 268 Bloomington : Indiana University Press .
  • Luong , Pauline J. 1999 . 'The future of Central Asian statehood' . Central Asia Monitor , 1 : 1
  • Bichel , Antony . 1998 . 'Central Asian integration: prospect for Central Asian union' . Paper presented at the Conference on Regional Stability and Security in Central Asia . 7-11 December 1998 . One of the consequences of economic globalization, as Antony Bichel puts it, is that Central Asian 'states are increasingly becoming market sectors (niches) in an intensely competitive, integrated and unstable global economy. In short, states must now operate in a world in which economic power is no longer best thought of as an attribute of states, and, states and societies/national economies are no longer mutually defining entities'. See
  • Marshall , George C. European Center for Security Studies , Germany : Garmisch-Partenkirchen .
  • Kudriavtsev , I.E. 1997 . 'Natsionalnoye "Ya" i pditicheskiy natsionalism' ('The National "Ego" and Political Nationalism') . Police (Moscow) , 2
  • Gellner , Ernest . 1983 . Nations and Nationalism , 48 Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press .
  • Hunter , Shireen . 1996 . Central Asia Since Independence , 101 Westport , CT : The Washington Papers/168 .
  • Ibid, pp 11, 93.
  • Banuazizi , AIi and Weiner , Myron , eds. 1994 . The New Geopolitics of Central Asia and Its Borderlands , 11 Bloomington : Indiana University Press .
  • Dugin , Alexandr . 1997 . Osnovy geopolitiki , 355 Moscow : 'Arktogeya . One of the sharp and at the same time gloomy evidences of 'intervention' of geopolitics in national identification can be noticed, for instance, in Alexandr Dugin's overstatement that 'Central Asia should be "strained" along the vertical line between two global Hingueuropean realities-Russians and Persians. At the same time, one should by all means aspire to select in the whole Turkic space, the local autonomous cultural tendencies, support the regional forces in autonomous districts, aggravate the frictions between clans, tribes, "uluses" and etc…. Thus, for example, Karakalpakstan in the west of Uzbekistan territorially should integrate not in the eastern direction (Bukhara, Samarkand, Tashkent) but in the northern (Kazakhstan) and southern (Turkmenistan). On the basis of the same principle should be reconstructed the border districts between Uzbekistan and Tajikistan-Samarkand and Fergana valley … Tajikistan should become the geopolitical fulcrum of this all Central Asian geopolitical strategy of the Heartland …'. See
  • Akiner , Shirin . 1998 . 'National development and civil society in Central Asia: trends in social and political reorganisation' . Paper presented at the Conference on Regional Stability and Security in Central Asia . 7-11 December 1998 .
  • Marshall , George . European Center for Security Studies , Germany : Garmish-Partenkirchen .
  • Brzezinski , Zb . 1993 . Out of Control. Global Turmoil on the Eve of the 21st Century , 156 New York : Macmillan .
  • Brzezinski , Zb . 1997 . The Grand Chessboard. American Primacy and its Strategic Imperatives , xiv 125 New York : Basic Books .
  • Buzan , Barry . 1991 . People, State and Fear. An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era , 190 – 191 . Boulder , CO : Lynne Rienner .
  • Dugin , A. 1997 . Osnovy geopolitki , Moscow : 'Arktogeya' .
  • Deutsch , Karl . 1978 . The Analysis of International Relations , 239 – 240 . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice-Hall .
  • Kasenov , Umirserik . 1998 . “ 'Post-Soviet modernization in Central Asia: realities and prospects' ” . In Central Asia: The Challenges of Independence , Edited by: Rumer , Boris and Zhukov , Stanislav . 51 New York : M.R Sharpe .
  • Buzan , Barry . 1991 . People, State and Fear. An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era , 71 Boulder , CO : Lynne Rienner .
  • Ibid, p 72.
  • Watts , Ronald . 1981 . “ 'Federalism, gerionalism, and political integration' ” . In Regionalism and Supranationalem , Edited by: Cameron , David . 9 – 10 . Toronto : Institute for Research on Public Policy . Central Asian peoples do not constitute the exception from such a typical case as described in this remark: 'Because people are simultaneously members of and feel loyalty to several groups and communities such as family, work group, professional association, church, ethnic or linguistic community, political movement, village or city, regional community, nation, supranational association, or global community, allegiance is usually dispersed among these groups radier than focused on only one of them to the exclusion of the others. Because people's attachments to these different groups or communities vary in intensity and over time, these loyalties are not mutually excusive. It is possible for a strong integrative consciousness in a wider community to co-exist with an equally strong regional consciousness or for both forces to be relatively weak…. Movements to establish or experiment with federal or confederal unions … represent efforts to achieve a closer political approximation to the reality of the contemparary world in which increasing pressures for wider political integration and for regional diversity co-exist'. See
  • Elazar , Daniel . 1987 . Exploring Federalism , 226 The University of Alabama Press . Daniel Elazar provides convincing speculation in this respect. 'The more than 3000 ethnic or tribal groups in the world conscious of their respective identities are divided among nearly ISO multiethnic states-over 90 per cent of the politically "sovereign" states now in existence…. There are today more than one hundred functioning examples of institutional political arrangements that modify or transcend the clasic nation-state model, ranging from classic federation to various cultural rights. They are to be found in fifty-six different "sovereign" states, more than one-third of the recognized states in the world today.' See

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