References
- Harley , J.B. 1988 . 'Maps, Knowledge, and Power', The Iconography of Landscape: Essays on the Symbolic Representation, Design and Use of Past Environments , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- Foucault , Michel . 1979 . Discipline and Punish: the Birth of the Prison , Edited by: Sheridan , Alan . New York : Vintage .
- Mitchell , Timothy . 1991 . Colonizing Egypt, 2nd edn , Berkeley , CA : University of California Press . for a discussion of the effects of the exercise of modern forms of power in colonial Egypt. While Mitchell's is primarily a study of the power to colonize in the 19th century, these notes aim to establish the status of distributions of power in the Central Asian present.
- 1997 . Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford : Oxford University Press . By 1882 Marvin was in the process of constituting himself as somewhat of an 'alternative' authority in England on things Russian. He knew the language well, having spent six years there from 1870 to 1876, between the ages of sixteen to twenty-two I am grateful to Christopher Gutkind of the University of California, Berkeley Libraries for help researching his biography
- d'Encausse , Helene Carrère . 1994 . “ 'Systematic conquest, 1865 to 1884' ” . In Central Asia: 130 Years cf Russian Dominance, a Historical Overview , 3rd edn , Edited by: Allworth , Edward . 131 – 150 . Durham : Duke University Press . Mutual suspicions and violently hostile sentiments on both the imperial Russian and English sides had previously contributed to the Crimean War of 1853-1856. See
- Schuyler , Eugene . 1877 . Turkistan: Notes of a Journey in Russian Turkistan, Khokand, Bukhara, and Khuldja , Vol. 2 , 203 New York : Scribner .
- Foucault , Michel . 1991 . “ 'Governmentality, ” . In The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality , Edited by: Burchell , G. , Gordon , C. and Miller , P. 102 Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
- Ibid., pp 91-97, passim.
- Heidegger , Martin . 1977 . “ 'The age of the world picture' ” . In The Question Concerning Technology , Edited by: Lovitt , W. New York : Harper and Row . For an account of this epistemology as that of the modern world, see
- Allworth , Edward . 1990 . The Modern Uzbeks: From the Fourteenth Century to the Present: a Cultural History , Stanford : Hoover Institution Press . The deconstruction of contemporary national identities as legacies of Soviet philology, ethnology and historiography has been under way for a number of years. On the case of Uzbekistan, see
- Pintner , Walter . 1978 . Russia as a Great Power, 1709-1856: Reflections on the Problem of Relative Backwardness, with Special Reference to the Russian Army and Russian Society , Washington, DC : Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies . On Russian army reform, see
- Deleuze , Gilles and Guattari , Felix . 1987 . A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia , Edited by: Massumi , Brian . 208 – 309 . 351 – 500 . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press . Deleuze and Guattari have attempted to explore various modes of power in their relation to sovereignty exercised in nomadic and sedentary contexts in
- Khazanov , Anatoly . 1994 . Nomads and the Outside World , 2nd edn , Madison : University of Wisconsin Press . for a detailed discussion of nomad--sedentary population interactions. Khazanov argues persuasively that 'pure' nomads, i.e. having no interaction with settled groups, have historically been an anomaly and are quite rare; indeed, such groups are inherently unstable socially and economically, he argues, and simply do not survive for long. The notion of sedentism and nomadism as points on a continuum is central here
- Meeker , Michael . 1979 . Literature and Violence in North Arabia , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . on the modes of political language and thought associated with the practicalities of pastoral nomadism
- Foucault , Michel . 1984 . “ 'Nietzsche, genealogy, history' ” . In The Foucault Reader , Edited by: Rabinow , P. New York : Pantheon Books . for a discussion of the method of genealogy as a critical history of the present
- Weber , Max . 1946 . From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology , Edited by: Gerth and Mills . New York : Oxford University Press . The most analytically rigorous studies of these specifically modern forms remain those of Max Weber. See, e.g. Parts I and II in
- Weber , Max . 1947 . The Theory cf Social and Economic Organization , Edited by: Parsons , T. New York : Oxford University Press .
- Pierce , Richard . 1960 . Russian Central Asia 1867-1917: A Study in Colonial Rule , Berkeley , CA : University of California Press . Cf. the interesting work by which also addresses Soviet attitudes towards tsarist activities in Central Asia, criticizing their insistence (as of the 1950s) that any good deeds were carried out by the 'Russian people', while misdeeds and shortcomings point up the practical and moral failure of 'tsarism'. 'Examination of the record shows that the benefits which came from the period of Russian colonial rule were synonymous with the very figures of and institutions associated with "tsarism". Von Kaufman, Kolpakovskii, Korol'kov, Komarov, Grodekov and many another paladin of "tsarism" were the initiators of the best that was done during the period of Imperial rule' (p 303). We are not concerned here with what 'good' was done and what 'bad', but rather with the very forms of Russian imperial thinking and action per se
- Slezkine , Yuri . 1994 . Arctic Mirrors: Russia and the Small Peoples of the North , Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press . on Russian representations of the Arctic and its inhabitants
- Allworth , Edward , ed. 1994 . Central Asia, 130 Years of Russian Dominance: A Historical Overview , 3rd edn , 1 – 59 . 131 – 150 . Durham : Duke University Press .
- 1885 . Arminius Vambéry's The Coming Struggle for India , London : Cassell . Perhaps the best example of such works is the American scholar and diplomat Eugene Schuyler's (op cit, note 2), apparently less directed towards a popular audience. The oft-cited, somewhat self-mythologizing Hungarian and sometime resident in London,
- 1885 . Demetrius Boulger's Central Asian Questions , London : T. F. Unwin . are among the better 'popular' works
- Marvin , Charles . 1984 . The Russian Advance Towards India: Conversations with Skobeleff, lgnatieff, and other Distinguished Russian Generals and Statesmen, on the Central Asian Question , 99 Peshawar : Saeed Jan Qureshi . Russian troops had previously attacked Gök Tepe under the command of General Lazarev in 1879 and had been utterly defeated by the Tekke Turkmen, a severe blow to imperial prestige. See Carrère d'Encausse, op cit, note 5, p 147. General Skobeleff, the Russian commander in charge of the second siege, told Marvin: 'We killed nearly 20,000 Turcomans at Gök Tepe', 8000 of which are claimed to have been killed during the 'pursuit' after the assault. At the end of a cordial interview, Skobeleff gave to Marvin as a souvenir the cap he wore On the day of the assault of the fortress'
- Foucault , Michel . 1980 . “ 'Questions on geography' ” . In Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-1977 , Edited by: Gordon , C. 69 New York : Pantheon Books .
- Ibid, p 169. This work of Marvin's was in fact adopted by the Russian government for the military libraries. A more graphic example of the complicity of scholarship and military power is difficult to imagine.
- Ibid, p 168.
- Ibid, p 107.