The liberal and socialist influences on Azerbaijani nationalism at the beginning of the 20th century

References

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• Ibid, p 65.
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• Ibid, p 90.
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• E. L. Keenan gives us the population of Baku and its suburbs in 1903 as following:Russians: 74.254Azerbaijanis: 53.872Armenians: 34.256 Persians (southern Azerbaijanis): 18.572Jews: 5.859VolgaTurks: 4.157Total: 206.751See E.L. Keenan, 'L'histoire du mouvement révolutionnaire à Bakou (1904-1905)', Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique, Vol 3, No 2, April-June 1962, p 227.
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• See ibid, pp 228-229.
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• Ibid, pp 36-37.
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• The Musavat supported almost all the major strikes organized by RSDWP and by the Soviet of Workers' Deputies. For example see Suny, ibid, p 130.
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• Ibid, p 53.
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• Ibid, p 24.
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• Ibid, p 38.
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• Zenkovsky , S.A. 1960 . Pan-Turkism and Islam in Russia , 261 Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . The assistance of Ottoman troops in retaking Baku and the short-lived Ottoman tutelage over the Musavat government caused controversial interpretations. Edward Hallet Carr called the Musavatists 'puppets of the Turkish military command'. See E.H. Carr, The History of the Bolshevik Revolution (Baltimore, Penguin, 1966), Vol 1, p 343. Serge A. Zenkovsky evaluates this judgement as 'too severe'. See In fact, being deprived of military service for a long time, the Azeris had no other choice but collaborating with Turkish generals. However, in Carr's judgement, risks to undermine both the conflicts appeared in the OttomanAzeri alliance and young Azerbaijan's state-making process
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• Bennigsen , A. and Lemercier-Quelquejay , C. 1960 . Les Mouvements Nationaux chez les Musulmans de Russie--Le Sultangaliyevisme au Tatarstan , Paris : Lahey Mouton . Other attempts to reconcile the Soviet regime with Turkish nationalist and Muslim movements appeared in different regions including the activities lead by Tatar communist Mirseyit Sultan Galiyev and Bashkurd leader Zeki Velidi Togan (Zeki Velidov); they were crushed one by one. See Bennigsen and Lemercier-Quelquejay, op cit, note 56; Zeki Velidi Togan, Hatiralar (Istanbul, 1969)
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• He wrote that freedom of expression was important in the context of public education by 'free press' and jadid schools. See Ömer Faik Nemanzade, 'Derdimiz ve Dermammiz', Sark-i Rus, No 5, 15 April 1903.
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• Among all the short-lived Azeri periodicals, Molla Nasreddin is an exception. It succeeded in surviving until 1931. Independent of all political parties, Molla Nasreddin had direct influence on the revolutionary spirit of the day not only in Turkish-speaking Russia but also in Iran and Turkey. For a critical evaluation of the journal and Celil Memetkuluzade's actions, see Alexander Bennigsen, 'Molla Nasreddin et la presse satirique musulmane de Russie avant 1917', Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique, Vol 3, No 3, July-September 1962, pp 505-520. Bennigsen underlines the political independence and states the difficulty to label the journal whereas a Soviet Azerbaijani historian, Nazim Akhundov, tends to present it as a permanent ally to Bolsheviks. See Nazim Akhundov, Molla Nasreddin Jurnalinin Nesri Tarihi (Baku: Azerbaycan Devlet Nesriyati, 1959).
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• He stated that 'Her iste cemaatin kömekligi mutlak cemaatin Öz konacagi niyeti] Öz kalbi ile ve hahisi ile olmalidir ki, ondan bir semere ve netice gözlenebilsin'. See Irsad, No 209, 6 September 1906. Also he wrote that 'tabiat akil ile tetkik edilir ve heç bir seyin bilasebep zuhuru gözlenmeyir. … Cemaat Öz gücü ile cehalet ve istibdat zülmünden kurtulacak, Öz derdine, Oz ihtiyacina Özü çaresaz olacak', Irsad, No 54, 28 March 1907.
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• In his article entitled 'Ne Için Hakkimizi Istemiyoruz?', he called for more jadid schools: 'her sehirde, her köyde, büyük köylerde hususi mektepler açmahyik. Usul-u Cedid mekteplerimizi çogaltmaliyik. Harabe dan medreselerimizi canlandirmahyik. Bu barede fikir ve kol lazim degil, kanun müsaittir. Ancak o kanunu bilip, ona göre çalismaliyiz,' See Sark-i Rus, No 52, 5 May 1904.
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• 'Inkilap için içtimai serait lazimdir. Inkilabi vaziyetin yaranmasi lazimdir. … Bes on kesin fedakarligiyla alman hürriyet hiç vakt kemal ile devam edebilmez, çünkü hürriyet ve idare-i mesrutenin derece-i devami efkar-i umumiyenin derece-i istirakma baghdir.' See Irsad, No 249, 21 November 1906.
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