References
- Aslanova, I. 2016. “Challenges and Achievements in the Implementation of the Concept of State Policy in the Religion Sphere in Kyrgyzstan.” CABAR.Asia. http://cabar.asia/en/indira-aslanova-challenges-and-achievements-in-the-implementation-of-the-concept-of-state-policy-in-the-religion-sphere-in-kyrgyzstan/.
- Bogner, M., A. Shields, and M. Struthers. 2003. “From House to House: Abuses by Mahalla Committees.” Human Rights Watch 15 (7). https://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/uzbekistan0903/uzbekistan0903.pdf.
- Borbieva, N. O. 2017. “The Ascendance of Orthodoxy: Nation Building and Religious Pluralism in Central Asia.” In Islam Society and Politics in Central Asia, edited by P. Jones, 151–172. University of Pittsburgh Press.
- Carey, S. C. 2006. “The Dynamic Relationship Between Protest and Repression.” Political Research Quarterly, 59 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1177/106591290605900101
- Davenport, C. 2005. “Repression and Mobilization: Insights from Political Science and Sociology.” In Repression and Mobilization, edited by C. Davenport, H. Johnston, and C. Mueller, vii-xli. University of Minnesota Press.
- Epkenhans, T. 2009. “Regulating Religion in Post-Soviet Central Asia: Some Remarks on Religious Association Law and ‘Official’ Islamic Institutions in Tajikistan.” Security and Human Rights 20 (1): 94–99. doi:10.1163/187502309787858183.
- Fox, J. 2015. Political Secularism, Religion, and the State: A Time Series Analysis of Worldwide Data. Cambridge University Press.
- Galkina, N. M., and B. A. Shkol’niy. 2013. Non-Traditional Religious Organizations and Possibilities of Their Development in the Kyrgyz Republic [Нетрадиционные Религии И Возможные Перспективы Их Развитиз В Кыргызской Республике]. Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan: Unity Foundation.
- Gamza, D. 2019. Guiding the Hand of God: The Influence of State Involvement in Religion on Religionational Identity. Dissertation, University of Michigan. http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/151493.
- Gamza, D., and P. Jones. 2016. “Reluctant Monopolists: Religious Regulation, Politicization, and Identity in Central Asia.” Paper presented at Annual Midwest Political Science Association Conference, Chicago.
- Gamza, D., and P. Jones. 2020 (forthcoming). “Why (Don’t) Muslims Rebel? Religious Repression and Political Mobilization in Kyrgyzstan.” In Oxford Handbook of Politics in Muslim Societies, edited by M. Cammett and P. Jones. Oxford University Press. https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190931056.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190931056-e-9
- Human Rights Watch. 2018. “We Live in Constant Fear”: Possession of Extremist Material in Kyrgyzstan.
- Inglehart, R., C. Haerpfer, A. Moreno, C. Welzel, K. Kizilova, J. Diez-Medrano, M. Lagos, P. Norris, E. Ponarin, B. Puranen, et al., eds. 2020. World Values Survey: All Rounds – Country-Pooled Datafile. Madrid: JD Systems Institute & WVSA Secretariat. http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSDocumentationWVL.jsp.
- Johnson, T. M., and B. J. Grim, eds. 2020. World Religion Database. Leiden/Boston: Brill.
- Jones, P. 2018. “Reassessing the Islamic Revival in Central Asia.” In Islam, Society, and Politics in Central Asia, edited by P. Jones, xi–xvii. University of Pittsburgh Press.
- Karagiannis, E. 2010. Political Islam in Central Asia: The Challenge of Hizb Ut-Tahrir. London: Routledge.
- KazIslam.kz. 2017. “Таджикским имамам рекомендуют носить «трехсантиметровую бороду» - Новости об исламе - Kazislam.” http://kazislam.kz/ru/songy-janalyktar/item/14239-tadzhikskim-imamam-rekomenduyut-nosit-trekhsantimetrovuyu-borodu.
- Khalid, A. 2007. Islam after Communism: Religion and Politics in Central Asia. University of California Press.
- Levy, D. 2018. “The Impulse to Orthodoxy: Why Illiberal Democracies Treat Religious Pluralism as a Threat.” Religion State, and Society, special issue on “Religion and the Rise of Populism: Migration, Radicalism, and New Nationalisms.” August.
- McGlinchey, E. 2009. “Islamic Revivalism and State Failure in Kyrgyzstan.” Problems of Post-Communism 56 (3): 16–28. doi:10.2753/PPC1075-8216560302.
- Montgomery, D. W., and J. Heathershaw. 2016. “Islam, Secularism and Danger: A Reconsideration of the Link between Religiosity, Radicalism and Rebellion in Central Asia.” Religion, State and Society 44 (3): 192–218. doi:10.1080/09637494.2016.1220177.
- Moore, R. 2011. “The Genres of Religious Freedom: Creating Discourses on Religion at the State Department.” In History, Time, Meaning, and Memory: Ideas for the Sociology of Religion, edited by B. J. Denison, 223–254. Boston: Brill.
- Najibullah, F. 2010. “Tajiks Stopped from Traveling to Iran, Pakistan for Religious Courses.” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. https://www.rferl.org/a/Tajiks_Stopped_From_Traveling_to_Iran_Pakistan_For_Religious_Courses/2152337.html.
- Najibullah, F. 2018. “Tajikistan's Banned Islamic Party Claims Former Members Hit By 'Wave of Arrests'.” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. https://www.rferl.org/a/tajikistan-s-banned-islamic-irpt-party--members-hit-by-wave-arrests/29283941.html.
- Norwegian Helsinki Committee. 2010. 72 Broken Promises: Freedom of Religion or Belief Issues in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Oslo: NHC.
- Olcott, M. B. 2012. Tajikistan’s Difficult Development Path. New York: Brookings Institution Press.
- Omelicheva, M. Y. 2007. “Combating Terrorism in Central Asia: Explaining Differences in States’ Responses to Terror.” Terrorism and Political Violence 19 (3): 369–393. doi:10.1080/09546550701424075.
- Omelicheva, M. Y. 2009. “Convergence of Counterterrorism Policies: A Case Study of Kyrgyzstan and Central Asia.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 32 (10): 893–908. doi:10.1080/10576100903182518.
- Omelicheva, M. Y. 2011. “Islam in Kazakhstan: A Survey of Contemporary Trends and Sources of Securitization.” Central Asian Survey 30 (2): 243–256. doi:10.1080/02634937.2011.567069
- OSCE Expert Working Group. 2009. Freedom of Religion or Belief in Uzbekistan. Vienna: OSCE. http://www.osce.org/odihr/38053.
- OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. 2019. “Comments on the Law on Countering Extremism in the Republic of Uzbekistan.” Office for Democratic Institutions & Human Rights. Warsaw.
- Pannier, B. 2016. “The Beard-Busters and Scarf-Snatchers Of Khatlon.” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. https://www.rferl.org/a/qishloq-ovozi-tajikistan-khatlon-police-beards-hijabs/27497194.html.
- Peck, S. 2007. “Tajikistan Bans Miniskirts and Headscarves.” The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1549005/Tajikistan-bans-miniskirts-and-head-scarves.html
- Peyrouse, S. 2010. “Why Do Central Asian Governments Fear Religion? A Consideration of Christian Movements.” Journal of Eurasian Studies 1 (2): 134–143. doi:10.1016/j.euras.2010.04.006.
- RFE/RL. 2010a. “Tajikistan Urges Parents to Recall Children from Foreign Religious Schools.” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. https://www.rferl.org/a/Tajikistan_Urges_Parents_To_Recall_Children_From_Foreign_Religious_Schools/2137668.html.
- RFE/RL. 2010b. “Tajikistan Wants Students at Islamic Schools Abroad to Return.” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. https://www.rferl.org/a/Tajikistan_Wants_Students_At_Islamic_Schools_Abroad_To_Return/2188047.html.
- RFE/RL. 2014. “Fatwa Issued against Tajik Gov’t Critics.” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. https://www.rferl.org/a/tajikistan-fatwa-government-critics/26609272.html.
- Ro’i, Y. 2000. Islam in the Soviet Union: From the Second World War to Gorbachev. Columbia University Press.
- Sarkorova, A. 2010. “Tajikistan Recalls Students from Islamic Schools.” BBC News, November 27, sec. Asia-Pacific. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-11791085.
- Shields, A. 2004. Creating Enemies of the State: Religious Persecution in Uzbekistan. New York: Human Rights Watch.
- Sievers, E. W. 2002. “Uzbekistan’s Mahalla: From Soviet to Absolutist Residential Community Associations.” Chicago-Kent Journal of International and Comparative Law 2 (1): 91.
- Slay, B. 2009. “Poverty, Inequality, and Social Policy Reform in the Former Soviet Union.” United Nations Development Programme, 1–19. https://www.undp.org/content/dam/rbec/docs/Poverty-inequality-and-social-policy-reform-in-the-former-Soviet-Union.pdf.
- Tasar, E. 2017. “Unregistered: Gray Spaces in the Soviet Regulation of Islam”. In Islam, Society, and Politics in Central Asia, edited by P. Jones, 127-148. University of Pittsburgh Press.
- Thibault, H. 2018. Transforming Tajikistan: State-building and Islam in Post-Soviet Central Asia. New York: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd.
- Tomek, J. 2018. “The Dynamics of the Peace Process in Tajikistan: Power-Sharing and the Unravelling of the post-Civil War Status Quo.” Noria. https://www.noria-research.com/peace-process-tajikistan/ (Accessed October 29, 2018).
- Torfeh, M. 2017. “Why is Tajikistan Imposing a Dress Code on its People?” Al Jazeera. http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2017/07/tajikistan-imposing-dress-code-people-170728092646033.html (Accessed January 22, 2018).
- Tribune. 2012. “Tajikistan Limits Beard Length.” Tribune International (Australia). http://tribune-intl.com/tajikistan-limits-beard-length/.
- United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. 2019. “Annual Report of the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom”. https://www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/2019USCIRFAnnualReport.pdf
- Zhovtis, Y., D. Kabak, and M. Khaidarova. 2015. Freedom of Religion and Belief in Central Asia: Trends and Challenges. Human Rights–Rights of the Believer. Bishkek: Central Asia Forum. http://www.osce.org/odihr/187521.