Zoos as a Source of Free Choice Learning

References

• ANDERSON , D. , LUCAS , K.B. , GINNS , I.S. and DIERKING , L.D. 2000 . Development of knowledge about electricity and magnetism during a visit to s science museum and related post-visit activities . Science Education , 84 : 658 – 679 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BELL , B. , JONES , A. and CARR , M. 1995 . The development of the recent national New Zealand science curriculum . Studies in Science Education , 26 : 73 – 105 .
   Google Scholar
• RENNIE , L.J. and McCLAFFERTY , T.P. 1996 . Science centers and science learning . Studies m Science Education , 27 : 53 – 98 .
   Google Scholar
• RHOADES , D. and GOLDSWORTHY , R. 1979 . The effects of zoo environments on public attitudes towards endangered species . International Journal of Environmental Studies , 13 : 283 – 287 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHANACKENBERG , H.L. View the zoo evaluation of visual communication in an outdoor educational setting . paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology . February 12-16 1997 , Albuquerque , NM .
   Google Scholar
• SHEPHERDSON , DJ. 1998 . “ Tracing the path of environmental enrichment in zoos ” . In Second Nature: environmental enrichment for captive animals , Edited by: SHEPHERDSON , DJ. , MELLEN , J.D. and HUTCHINS , M. Washington, DC : Smithsonian Institution Press .
   Google Scholar
• SHETTEL-NEUHER , J. 1989 . Second- and third-generation zoo exhibits: a comparison of visitor, staff, and animal responses . Environment and Behavior , 20 : 452 – 473 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SEIDENSTICKER , J. and FORTHMAN , D.L. 1998 . “ Evolution, ecology and enrichment ” . In Second Nature: environmental enrichment for captive animals , Edited by: SHEPHERDSON , DJ. , MELLEN , J.D. and HUTCHINS , M. Washington, DC : Smithsonian Institution Press .
   Google Scholar
• TURNAGE , J. and HEWITT , D.M. 1984 . The rale of the hospital keeper . Zoonooz , 57 (5) : 17
   Google Scholar
• VERDERBER , S. , GARDNER , L. , ISLAM , D. and NAKANISHI , L. 1988 . Elderly persons' appraisal of the zoological environment . Environment and Behavior , 20 : 492 – 507 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHEATLEY , G.H. 1991 . Constructivist perspectives on science and mathematics Learning . Science Education , 75 : 9 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WOOD , W. 1998 . Interactions among environmental enrichment, viewing crowds, and zoo chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) . Zooo Biology , 17 (3) : 211 – 230 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JOHNSON-LAIRD , P. 1983 . Mental Models: Towards a Cognitive Science of Langage, Inference and Consciousness , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• JOHNSON-LAIRD , P. 1989 . “ Analogy and the exercise of creativity ” . In Similarity and Analogical Reasoning , Edited by: VOSNIADOU , S. and ORTONY , A. Cambridge , , England : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• KAPLAN , R. and KAPLAN , S. 1989 . The Experience of Nature , Cambridge , , England : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• KEITH , MJ. Stimulated recall and teathers' thought processes, a critical review of the methodology and an alternative perspective . paper presented at the annual meeting of the Mid-South Educational Research Association . November 9-11 1988 , Louisville , KT .
   Google Scholar
• LEVI , D. and KOCHER , S. 1999 . Virtual nature: the future effects of information technology on our relationship to nature . Environment and Behavior , 31 : 203 – 226 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LOOMIS , RJ. , MILES , R. and HUDSON , K. 1993 . “ Planning for the viator: the challenge of visitor studies ” . In Museum Visiter Studies in me 90s , Edited by: BICKNELL , S. and FARMELO , G. London : Science Museum .
   Google Scholar
• LUCAS , A. 1991 . 'Info-tainment' and informai sources for learning in science . International Journal of Science Education , 13 (5) : 495 – 504 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARTIN , J. and O'REILLY , J. 1988 . Contemporary environment-behavior research in zoological parks . Environment tad Behavior , 20 (4) : 387 – 395 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MATTHEWS , MR. 1995 . Challenging New Zealand Snout Education , Auckland , , New Zealand : Dunmore Press .
   Google Scholar
• MATTHEWS , M.R. , ed. 1998 . Constructivism m Science Education, A Philosophical Examination , Dordrecht , , The Netherlands : Kluwer .
   Google Scholar
• MCPHEE , M.E. , FOSTER , J.S. , SEVENICH , M. and SANDERS , C.D. Public Perceptions of Behavioral Enrichment . Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Environmental Enrichment . October 12-17 1997 , Orlando , FL .
   Google Scholar
• MINISTRY OF EDUCATION . 1993 . Science in the New Zealand Curriculum , Wellington , , New Zealand : Learning Media .
   Google Scholar
• MORGAN , K.N. , LINE , S.W. and MARKOWITZ , H. 1998 . “ Zoo enrichment, and the skeptical observer the practical value of assessment ” . In Second Nature: environmental enrichment for captive animals , Edited by: SHEPHERDSON , D.J. , MELLEN , J.D. , HUTCHINS , M. and M. Washington, DC : Smithsonian Institute Press .
   Google Scholar
• NORMAN , D.N. 1983 . “ Some observations on mental models ” . In Mental models , Edited by: GENTNER , D. and STEVENS , A.L. Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• PATTON , M.Q. 1990 . Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods , Newbury Park , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• PECENKO , N. , BAEBLER , S. and CIRMAN , T. 'Visitors as an environmental enrichment . Proceedings of At 2nd International Conference on Environmental Enrichment . Copenhagen , Denmark. Edited by: HOLST , B.
   Google Scholar
• PERON , E. , PURCELL , A.T. , STAATS , H. , FALCHERO , S. and LAMB , RJ. 1998 . Models of preference for outdoor scenes: some experimental evidence . Environment and Behavior , 30 : 282 – 305 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PISCITELLI , B. and ANDERSON , D. young children's perspectives of museum settings and perspectives . paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching . St Louis , MO .
   Google Scholar
• BITGOOD , S. 1993 . “ Putting the hone before the cart, a conceptual analysis of educational exhibits ” . In Museum Visitor Studies in the 90s , Edited by: BICKNELL , S. and FARMELO , G. London : Antony Rowe .
   Google Scholar
• BITGOOD , S. and PATTERSON , D. 1987 . Principles of exhibit design . Visitor Behavior , 2 (1) : 4 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• BITGOOD , S. , PATTERSON , D. and BENEFIELD , A. 1988 . Exhibit design and visitor behavior: Empirical relationships . Environment and Behavior , 20 : 474 – 491 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOLSTAD , R. The actual and potential nit of science and technology centers m New Zealand primary science and technology education . paper presented at the 32nd annual conference of the Australasian Science Education Research Association . July 12-14 , Sydney .
   Google Scholar
• CAMPBELL , S. 1984 . A new zoo? . Zoonooz , 9 : 4 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• COHEN , L. , MANION , L. and MORRISON , K. 2000 . Research Methods in Education , 5th edn , London : Routledge-Falmer .
   Google Scholar
• CORRIGAN , G. Prerequisites for learners' decisions in open-ended investigations . paper presented at the 32nd annual conference of the Australasian Science Education Research Association . July 12-14 2001 , Sydney .
   Google Scholar
• DIERKING , U. 1996 . “ Contemporary theories of learning ” . In Developing Museum Exhibitions for Lifelong Learning , Edited by: DURBIN , G. London : The Museum & Galleries Commission .
   Google Scholar
• DIERKING , L.D. and FALK , J.H. 1994 . Family behavior and learning in informal science settings: A review of the research . Science Education , 78 : 577 – 579 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DIERKING , L.D. and GRIFFIN , J. Perceptions of learning infirmai and informal environments . paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching . March 23-28 2001 , St Louis , MO .
   Google Scholar
• DONAHOE , S. 1988 . “ Visitor data is a three-way street ” . In Visitor Studies 1988, Theory, Research and Practice , Edited by: BITGOOD , S. , ROPER , J.T. and BENEFIELD , A. Jacksonville , AL : The Center for Social Design .
   Google Scholar
• FALK , J.H. 1983 . Time and behavior as predictors of learning . Science Education , 67 : 267 – 276 .
   Google Scholar
• FALK , J.H. and DIERKING , L.D. 1992 . Tat Museum Experience , Washington, DC : Whalesback Books .
   Google Scholar
• FINLAY , T. , JAMES , L.R. and MAPLE , T.L. 1988 . People's perceptions of animals: the influence of zoo environment . Environment and Behavior , 20 : 508 – 528 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GILLOUX , L , GURNELL , J. and SHEPHERDSON , DJ. 1992 . “ An enrichment device for great apes ” . In Second Nature: environmental enrichment fir captive animals , Edited by: SHEPHERDSON , DJ. , MELLEN , J.D. , HUTCHINS , M. and M . Washington, DC : Smithsonian Institute Press .
   Google Scholar
• GOOD , R.G. , WANDERSEE , J.H. and ST JULIEN , J. 1993 . “ Cautionary notes on the appeal of the new 'urn' (constructivism) in science education ” . In The Practice of Constructivism m Science Education , Edited by: TOBIN , K. Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• GRIFFIN , J. 1994 . Learning to learn in informal settings . Research m Science Education , 24 : 121 – 128 .
   Google Scholar
• HEIN , G.E. 1995 . “ Evaluating teaching and learning in museums ” . In Museum, Media, Message , Edited by: HOOPER-GREENHILL , E. London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• RENNIE , L.J. 1994 . Measuring affective outcomes from a visit to a science education center . Research in Science Education , 24 : 261 – 269 .
   Google Scholar
• ST JOHN , M. and PERRY , D. 1993 . “ A framework for evaluation and research, science, infrastructure and relationships ” . In Museum Visiter Staats in the 90s , Edited by: BICKNELL , S. and FARMELO , G. London : Science Museum .
   Google Scholar
• SWENSON , S. 1984 . “ A comparison of visitors at different types of zoo facilities ” . New Haven , CT : Yale University School of Forestry and Environmental Studies . Masters thesis,
   Google Scholar
• TOBIN , K. and TIPPINS , D. 1993 . “ Constructivism, a paradigm for the practice of science education ” . In The Practice of Constructivism M Science Education , Edited by: TOBIN , K. Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• TUNNICLIFFE , S.D. 1995a . The content of the conversations of primary school groups at London Zoo . International Zoo News , 42 : 272 – 279 .
   Google Scholar
• TUNNICLIFFE , S.D. 1995b . “ Talking about animals: studies of young children visiting zoos, a museum and a form ” . King's College, University of London . PhD thesis,
   Google Scholar
• TUNNICLIFFE , S.D. and REISS , MJ. What sense do children make of three-dimensional life-sized 'representations of animals? . paper presented at the annnual meeting of the National Association of Research in Science Teaching . March 28-31 1999 , Boston , MA .
   Google Scholar