REFERENCES
- Anderson , O.R. 1992 . Some interrelationships between constructivist models of learning and current neurobiological theory, with implications for science education . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 29 : 1037 – 1058 .
- Anderson , O.R. and Demetrius , O.J. 1993 . A flow‐map method of representing cognitive structure based on respondents’ narrative using science content . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 30 : 953 – 969 .
- Ausubel , D.P. , Novak , J.D. and Hanesian , H. 1978 . Educational Psychology: a cognitive view , New York : Holt, Rinehart, & Winston .
- Bischoff , P.J. and Anderson , O.R. 1998 . A case study analysis of the development of knowledge schema, ideational networks, and higher cognitive operations among high school students who studied ecology . School Science and Mathematics , 98 : 228 – 237 .
- Cohen , J. 1960 . A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 20 : 37 – 46 .
- Champagne , A.B. , Gunstone , R.F. and Klopfer , L.E. 1985 . “ Effecting changes in cognitive structures among physics students ” . In Cognitive Structures and Conceptual Change , Edited by: West , L.H.T. and Pines , A.L. 163 – 187 . Orlando , FL. : Academic Press .
- Edmondson , K.M. 1989 . The influence of students’ conceptions of scientific knowledge and their orientations to learning on their choices of learning strategy in a college introductory level biology course , Ithaca , NY : Cornell University . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
- Hammer , D. 1995 . Epistemological considerations in teaching introductory physics . Science Education , 74 : 393 – 413 .
- Hauslein , P.L. , Good , R.G. and Cummins , C.L. 1992 . Biology content cognitive structure: from science student to science teacher . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 29 : 939 – 964 .
- Novak , J. 1990 . Concept maps and vee diagrams: two metacognitive tools to facilitate meaningful learning . Instructional Science , 19 : 29 – 52 .
- Novak , J.D. and Gowin , D.B. 1984 . Learning How to Learn , New York : Cambridge University Press .
- Pomeroy , D. 1993 . Implications of teachers’ beliefs about the nature of science: comparison of the beliefs of scientists, secondary science teachers, and elementary teachers . Science Education , 77 : 261 – 278 .
- Posner , G.L. and Gertzog , W.A. 1982 . The clinical interview and the measurement of conceptual change . Science Education , 66 : 195 – 209 .
- Posner , G.J. , Strike , K.A. , Hewson , P.W. and Gertzog , W.A. 1982 . Accommodation of a scientific conception: toward a theory of conceptual change . Science Education , 66 : 211 – 277 .
- Preece , P.F.W. 1976 . Mapping cognitive structure: a comparison of methods . Journal of Educational Psychology , 68 : 1 – 8 .
- Rye , J.A. and Rubba , P.A. 1998 . An exploration of the concept map as an interview tool to facilitate the externalization of students’ understandings about global atmospheric change . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 35 : 521 – 546 .
- Shavelson , R.J. 1974 . Methods for examining representations of a subject‐matter structure in a student's memory . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 11 : 231 – 249 .
- Shavelson , R.J. and Stanton , G.C. 1975 . Construct validation: methodology and application to three measures of cognitive structure . Journal of Educational Measurement , 12 : 67 – 85 .
- Smith , B.O. and Meux , M.O. 1970 . “ Smith system ” . In Mirrors for Behavior II: an anthology of observation instruments , Edited by: Simon , A. and Boyer , E.G. Philadelphia , PA. : Classroom Interaction Newsletter .
- Stewart , J. 1980 . Techniques for assessing and representing information in cognitive structure . Science Education , 64 : 223 – 235 .
- Sutton , C.R. 1980 . The learner's prior knowledge: a critical review of techniques for probing its organization . European Journal of Science Education , 2 : 107 – 120 .
- Tsai , C.‐C. 1996 . The interrelationships between junior high school students’ scientific epistemological beliefs, learning environment preferences and cognitive structure outcomes , Teachers College : Columbia University . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
- Tsai , C.‐C. 1998a . An analysis of Taiwanese eighth graders’ science achievement, scientific epistemological beliefs and cognitive structure outcomes after learning basic atomic theory . International Journal of Science Education , 20 : 413 – 425 .
- Tsai , C.‐C. 1998b . An analysis of scientific epistemological beliefs and learning orientations of Taiwanese eighth graders . Science Education , 82 : 473 – 489 .
- Tsai , C.‐C. 1998c . Science learning and constructivism . Curriculum and Teaching , 13 : 31 – 52 .
- Tsai , C.‐C. 1999 . “Laboratory exercises help me memorize the scientific truths”: a study of eighth graders’ scientific epistemological views and learning in laboratory activities . Science Education , 82 (6)
- West , L.H.T. , Fensham , P.J. and Garrard , J.E. 1985 . “ Describing the cognitive structures following instruction in chemistry ” . In Cognitive Structures and Conceptual Change , Edited by: West , L.H.T. and Pines , A.L. 29 – 49 . Orlando , FL. : Academic Press .