Bilateral symmetry and the competitive standard attained in elite and sub-elite sport

References

• Brakefield , P.M. and Breuker , C.J. 1996 . The genetical basis of fluctuating asymmetry for developmentally integrated traits in a butterfly eyespot pattern . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B , 263 : 1557 – 1563 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter , J.E.L. and Heath , B.H. 1990 . Somatotyping: Development and Applications , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Coren , S. and Porac , C. 1977 . Fifty centuries of right-handedness: the historical record . Science , 198 : 631 – 632 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gangestad , S.W. , Thornhill , R. and Yeo , R.A. 1994 . Facial attractiveness, developmental stability, and fluctuating asymmetry . Ethology and Sociobiology , 15 : 73 – 85 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gore , C. , Norton , K.I. , Olds , T.S. , Whittingham , N.O. , Birchall , K. , Clough , M. , Dickerson , B. and Downie , L. 1996 . “ Accreditation in anthropometry: an Australian model ” . In Anthropometrica , Edited by: Norton , K.I. and Olds , T.S. 395 – 411 . Sydney, NSW : University of New South Wales Press .
   Google Scholar
• Graham , J.H. , Emlen , J.M. , Freeman , D.C. , Leamy , L.J. and Kieser , J.A. 1998 . Directional asymmetry and the measurement of developmental instability . Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 64 : 1 – 16 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jolicæur , P. 1963 . Bilateral symmetry and asymmetry in limb bones of Martes Americana and man . Revue Canadienne de Biologie , 22 : 409 – 432 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones , H.H. , Priest , J.D. , Hayes , W.C. , Tichenor , C.C. and Nagel , D.A. 1977 . Humeral hypertrophy in response to exercise . Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery , A59 : 204 – 208 .
   Google Scholar
• King , J.W. , Brelsford , H.J. and Tullos , H.S. 1969 . Analysis of the pitching arm of the professional baseball pitcher . Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research , 67 : 116 – 123 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laubach , L.L. and McConville , J.T. 1967 . Notes on anthropometric technique: anthropometric measurements — right and left sides . American Journal of Physical Anthropology , 26 : 367 – 369 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leamy , L. 1997 . Is developmental stability heritable? . Journal of Evolutionary Biology , 10 : 21 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leamy , L. 1999 . Heritability of directional and fluctuating asymmetry for mandibular characters in random-bred mice . Journal of Evolutionary Biology , 12 : 146 – 155 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leamy , L.J. , Routman , E.J. and Cheverud , J.M. 1997 . A search for quantitative trait loci affecting asymmetry of mandibular characters in mice . Evolution , 51 : 957 – 969 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung , B. 1998 . Correcting for allometry in studies of fluctuating asymmetry and quality within samples . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B , 265 : 1623 – 1629 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung , B. , Forbes , M.R. and Houle , D. 2000 . Fluctuating asymmetry as a bioindicator of stress: comparing efficacy of analyses involving multiple traits . American Naturalist , 155 : 101 – 115 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levene , H. 1960 . “ Robust tests for equality of variances ” . In Contributions to Probability and Statistics: Essays in Honor of Harold Hotelling , Edited by: Olkin , I. , Ghurye , S.G. , Hæffding , W. , Madow , W.G. and Mann , H.B. 278 – 292 . Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Malina , R.M. and Buschang , P.H. 1984 . Anthropometric asymmetry in normal and mentally retarded males . Annals of Human Biology , 11 : 515 – 531 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning , J.T. 1995 . Fluctuating asymmetry and body weight in men and women: implications for sexual selection . Ethology and Sociobiology , 16 : 145 – 153 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning , J.T. and Ockenden , L. 1994 . Fluctuating asymmetry in racehorses . Nature , 370 : 185 – 186 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning , J.T. and Pickup , L.J. 1998 . Symmetry and performance in middle distance runners . International Journal of Sports Medicine , 19 : 205 – 209 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning , J.T. , Koukourakis , K. and Brodie , D.A. 1997 . Fluctuating asymmetry, metabolic rate and sexual selection in human males . Evolution and Human Behavior , 18 : 15 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Møller , A.P. 1994 . Directional selection on directional asymmetry: testes size and secondary sexual characters in birds . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B , 258 : 147 – 151 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Møller , A.P. 1997 . Developmental stability and fitness: a review . American Naturalist , 149 : 916 – 932 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Møller , A.P. and Swaddle , J.P. 1997 . Asymmetry, Developmental Stability and Evolution , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Møller , A.P. , Sanotra , G.S. and Vestergaard , K.S. 1999 . Developmental instability and light regime in chickens (Gallus gallus) . Applied Animal Behaviour Science , 62 : 57 – 71 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Münter , A.H. 1936 . A study of the lengths of the long bones of the arms and legs in man, with special reference to Anglo-Saxon skeletons . Biometrika , 28 : 258 – 294 .
   Google Scholar
• Norton , K.I. , Olds , T.S. , Olive , S. and Craig , N. 1996a . “ Anthropometry and sports performance ” . In Anthropometrica , Edited by: Norton , K.I. and Olds , T.S. 287 – 364 . Sydney, NSW : University of New South Wales Press .
   Google Scholar
• Norton , K.I. , Whittingham , N.O. , Carter , J.E.L. , Kerr , D.A. , Gore , C.J. and Marfell-Jones , M.J. 1996b . “ Measurement techniques in anthropometry ” . In Anthropometrica , Edited by: Norton , K.I. and Olds , T.S. 25 – 75 . Sydney, NSW : University of New South Wales Press .
   Google Scholar
• Palmer , A.R. 1994 . “ Fluctuating asymmetry analyses: a primer ” . In Developmental Instability: Its Origins and Evolutionary Implications , Edited by: Markow , T.A. 335 – 364 . Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Palmer , A.R. and Strobeck , C. 1986 . Fluctuating asymmetry: measurement, analysis, patterns . Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , 17 : 391 – 421 .
   Google Scholar
• Palmer , A.R. and Strobeck , C. 1992 . Fluctuating asymmetry as a measure of developmental stability: implications of non-normal distributions and power of statistical tests . Acta Zoologica Fennica , 191 : 57 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• Palmer , A.R. and Strobeck , C. ( in press ). Fluctuating asymmetry analysis revisited . In Developmental Instability: Causes and Consequences M. Polak . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Parsons , P.A. 1992 . Fluctuating asymmetry: a biological monitor of environmental and genomic stress . Heredity , 68 : 361 – 364 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice , W.R. 1989 . Analyzing tables of statistical tests . Evolution , 43 : 223 – 225 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shackelford , T.K. and Larsen , R.J. 1997 . Facial asymmetry as an indicator of psychological, emotional, and physiological distress . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 72 : 456 – 466 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh , I. 1970 . Functional asymmetry in the lower limbs . Acta Anatomica , 77 : 131 – 138 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sokal , R.R. and Rohlf , F.J. 1995 . Biometry , New York : Freeman .
   Google Scholar
• Swaddle , J.P. 1997 . Within-individual changes in developmental stability affect flight performance . Behavioral Ecology , 8 : 601 – 604 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornhill , R. and Gangestad , S.W. 1994 . Human fluctuating asymmetry and sexual behaviour . Psychological Science , 5 : 297 – 302 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomkinson , G.R. and Olds , T.S. 2000 . Physiological correlates of bilateral symmetry in humans . International Journal of Sports Medicine , 21 : 545 – 550 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tracy , M. , Freeman , D.C. , Duda , J.J. , Miglia , K.J. , Graham , J.H. and Hough , R.A. ( in press ). Developmental instability: an appropriate indicator of plant fitness components? In Developmental Instability: Causes and Consequences M Polak . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Van Valen , L. 1962 . A study of fluctuating asymmetry . Evolution , 16 : 125 – 142 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Withers , R.T. , Craig , N.P. , Bourdon , P.C. and Norton , K.I. 1987 . Relative body fat and anthropometric prediction of body density of male athletes . European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology , 56 : 191 – 200 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamaguchi , T. 1977 . Studies on the handedness of the fiddler crab, Uca lactea . Biological Bulletin , 152 : 424 – 436 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar