Intensity, idiosyncratic content and functional impact of performance-related emotions in athletes

References

• Albrecht , R.R. and Feltz , D.L. 1987 . Generality and specificity of attention related to competitive anxiety and sport performance . Journal of Sport Psychology , 9 : 231 – 248 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Annesi , J.J. 1997 . Three-dimensional state anxiety recall: implications for individual zones of optimal functioning research and application . The Sport Psychologist , 11 : 43 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Annesi , J.J. 1998 . Applications of the Individual Zones of Optimal Functioning model for the multimodal treatment of precompetitive anxiety . The Sport Psychologist , 12 : 300 – 316 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apter , M.J. 1984 . Reversal theory and personality: a review . Journal of Research in Personality , 18 : 265 – 288 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borg , G. 1998 . Borg's Perceived Exertion and Pain Scales , Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Bortoli , L. and Robazza , C. 2002 . Idiosyncratic performance affect in volleyball referees: an extension of the IZOF-emotion model profiling . Journal of Sport Behavior , 25 : 115 – 133 .
   Google Scholar
• Cacioppo , J.T. , Berntson , G.G. and Klein , D.J. 1992 . What is an emotion? The role of somatovisceral afference, with special emphasis on somatovisceral‘illusions’ . Review of Personality and Social Psychology , 14 : 63 – 98 .
   Google Scholar
• Cox , R.H. 2002 . Sport Psychology: Concepts and Applications , 5th edn , Dubuque, IA : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , J.E. and Cox , R.H. 2002 . Interpreting direction of anxiety within Hanin's Individual Zone of Optimal Functioning . Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , 14 : 43 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Urso , V. , Petrosso , A. and Robazza , C. 2002 . Emotions, perceived qualities, and performance of rugby players . The Sport Psychologist , 16 : 173 – 199 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekkekakis , P. , Hall , E.E. and Petruzzello , S.J. 1999 . Measuring state anxiety in the context of acute exercise using the State Anxiety Inventory: an attempt to resolve the brouhaha . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 21 : 205 – 229 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher , D. and Hanton , S. 2001 . The relationship between psychological skills usage and competitive anxiety responses . Psychology of Sport and Exercise , 2 : 89 – 101 .
   Google Scholar
• Gould , D. and Tuffey , S. 1996 . Zones of optimal functioning research: a review and critique . Anxiety, Stress and Coping: An International Journal , 9 : 53 – 68 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould , D. , Tuffey , S. , Hardy , L. and Lochbaum , M. 1993 . Multidimensional state anxiety and middle distance running performance: an exploratory examination of Hanin's (1980) zones of optimal functioning hypothesis . Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , 5 : 85 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Hanin , Y.L. 1980 . “ A study of anxiety in sports ” . In Sport Psychology: An Analysis of Athlete Behavior , Edited by: Straub , W.F. 236 – 249 . Ithaca, NY : Mouvement .
   Google Scholar
• Hanin , Y.L. 1986 . “ State-trait anxiety research on sports in the USSR ” . In Cross Cultural Anxiety , Edited by: Spielberger , C.D. and Diaz-Guerrero , R. Vol. 3 , 45 – 64 . Washington, DC : Hemisphere .
   Google Scholar
• Hanin , Y.L. 1993 . “ Optimal performance emotions in top athletes ” . In Proceedings of the 8th World Congress of Sport Psychology , Edited by: Serpa , S. , Alves , J. , Ferreira , V. and Paula-Brito , A. 229 – 232 . Lisbon : International Society of Sport Psychology .
   Google Scholar
• Hanin , Y.L. 1995 . “ Individual Zones of Optimal Functioning (IZOF) model: an idiographic approach to performance anxiety ” . In Sport Psychology: An Analysis of Athlete Behavior , Edited by: Henschen , K.P. and Straub , W.F. 103 – 119 . Longmeadow, MA : Mouvement .
   Google Scholar
• Hanin , Y.L. 1997 . Emotions and athletic performance: Individual Zones of Optimal Functioning model . European Yearbook of Sport Psychology , 1 : 29 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• Hanin , Y. 1999 . Sports-specific emotion-motivational profiling: an individualized assessment programme . In Psychology of Sport and Exercise: Enhancing the Quality of Life . Proceedings of the 10th European Congress of Sport Psychology, Part 1 V. HoŠek , P. Tilinger and L. Bílek , pp. 238 – 240 . Prague : Charles University .
   Google Scholar
• Hanin , Y.L. 2000a . “ Appendix B. IZOF-based emotions-profiling: step-wise procedures and forms ” . In Emotions in Sport , Edited by: Hanin , Y.L. 303 – 313 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Hanin , Y.L. 2000b . “ Individual Zones of Optimal Functioning (IZOF) model: emotion-performance relationships in sport ” . In Emotions in Sport , Edited by: Hanin , Y.L. 65 – 89 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Hanin , Y.L. 2000c . “ Successful and poor performance and emotions ” . In Emotions in Sport , Edited by: Hanin , Y.L. 157 – 187 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Hanin , Y.L. 2001 . Emotion-motivational profiling in skiing: an individualised assessment program . In Science and Skiing II . Schriften zur Sportwissenschaft, Band 26 E. Müller , H. Schwameder , C. Raschner , S. Lindinger and E. Kornexl , pp. 688 – 705 . Hamburg : Verlag Dr. Kovac .
   Google Scholar
• Hanin , Y. and Syrjä , P. 1995a . Performance affect in junior ice hockey players: an application of the Individual Zones of Optimal Functioning model . The Sport Psychologist , 9 : 169 – 187 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanin , Y. and Syrjä , P. 1995b . Performance affect in soccer players: an application of the IZOF model . International Journal of Sports Medicine , 16 : 260 – 265 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanin , Y. and Syrjä , P. 1996 . Predicted, actual, and recalled affect in Olympic-level soccer players: idiographic assessments on individualized scales . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 18 : 325 – 335 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanton , S. and Connaughton , D. 2002 . Perceived control of anxiety and its relationship to self-confidence and performance . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 73 : 87 – 97 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanton , S. and Jones , G. 1997 . Antecedents of intensity and direction dimensions of competitive anxiety as a function of skill . Psychological Reports , 81 : 1139 – 1147 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanton , S. and Jones , G. 1999a . The acquisition and development of cognitive skills and strategies: I. Making the butterflies fly in formation . The Sport Psychologist , 13 : 1 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanton , S. and Jones , G. 1999b . The effects of a multimodal intervention program on performers: II. Training the butterflies to fly in formation . The Sport Psychologist , 13 : 22 – 41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanton , S. , Jones , G. and Mullen , R. 2000 . Intensity and direction of competitive anxiety as interpreted by rugby players and rifle shooters . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 90 : 513 – 521 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy , L. 1990 . “ A catastrophe model of performance in sport ” . In Stress and Performance in Sport , Edited by: Jones , J.G. and Hardy , L. 81 – 106 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Hardy , L. 1996 . Testing the predictions of the cusp catastrophe model of anxiety and performance . The Sport Psychologist , 10 : 140 – 156 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy , L. , Jones , G. and Gould , D. 1996 . Understanding Psychological Preparation for Sport: Theory and Practice of Elite Performers , Chichester : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Jokela , M. and Hanin , Y.L. 1999 . Does the individual zones of optimal functioning model discriminate between successful and less successful athletes? A meta-analysis . Journal of Sports Sciences , 17 : 873 – 887 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , G. 1995 . More than just a game: research developments and issues in competitive anxiety in sport . British Journal of Psychology , 86 : 449 – 478 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , G. and Hanton , S. 2001 . Pre-competitive feeling states and directional anxiety interpretations . Journal of Sports Sciences , 19 : 385 – 395 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , G. and Swain , A. 1992 . Intensity and direction as dimensions of competitive state anxiety and relationships with competitiveness . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 74 : 467 – 472 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , G. and Swain , A. 1995 . Predispositions to experience debilitative and facilitative anxiety in elite and nonelite performers . The Sport Psychologist , 9 : 201 – 211 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , G. , Swain , A. and Hardy , L. 1993 . Intensity and direction dimensions of competitive state anxiety and relationships with performance . Journal of Sports Sciences , 11 : 525 – 532 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , G. , Hanton , S. and Swain , A. 1994 . Intensity and interpretations of anxiety symptoms in elite and non-elite sports performers . Personality and Individual Differences , 17 : 657 – 663 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr , J.H. 1997 . Motivation and Emotion in Sport: Reversal Theory , Hove : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Krane , V. 1993 . A practical application of the anxiety-athletic performance relationship: the Zone of Optimal Functioning hypothesis . The Sport Psychologist , 7 : 113 – 126 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus , R.S. 1991 . Progress on a cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion . American Psychologist , 46 : 819 – 834 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus , R.S. 1999 . Stress and Emotion: A New Synthesis , New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus , R.S. 2000 . How emotions influence performance in competitive sports . The Sport Psychologist , 14 : 229 – 252 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martens , R. 1977 . Sport Competition Anxiety Test , Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Martens , R. , Burton , D. , Vealey , R.S. , Bump , L.A. and Smith , D.E. 1990 . “ Development and validation of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 ” . In Competitive Anxiety in Sport, Part III , Edited by: Martens , R. , Vealey , R.S. and Burton , D. 117 – 190 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Maynard , I.W. , Hemmings , B. and Warwick-Evans , L. 1995 . The effect of a somatic intervention strategy on competitive state anxiety and performance in semiprofessional soccer players . The Sport Psychologist , 9 : 51 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ntoumanis , N. and Jones , G. 1998 . Interpretation of competitive trait anxiety symptoms as a function of locus of control beliefs . International Journal of Sport Psychology , 29 : 99 – 114 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry , J.D. and Williams , J.M. 1998 . Relationship of intensity and direction of competitive trait anxiety to skill level and gender in tennis . The Sport Psychologist , 12 : 169 – 179 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prapavessis , H. and Grove , J.R. 1991 . Precompetitive emotions and shooting performance: the mental health and zone of optimal function models . The Sport Psychologist , 5 : 223 – 234 .
   Google Scholar
• Raedeke , T.D. and Stein , G.L. 1994 . Felt arousal, thoughts/feelings, and ski performance . The Sport Psychologist , 8 : 360 – 375 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raglin , J.S. 1992 . Anxiety and sport performance . Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews , 20 : 243 – 274 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raglin , J.S. and Hanin , Y.L. 2000 . “ Competitive anxiety ” . In Emotions in Sport , Edited by: Hanin , Y.L. 93 – 111 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Robazza , C. , Bortoli , L. and Nougier , V. 1998a . Performance-related emotions in skilled athletes: hedonic tone and functional impact . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 87 : 547 – 564 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robazza , C. , Bortoli , L. , Zadro , I. and Nougier , V. 1998b . Emotions in track and field athletes: a test of the Individual Zones of Optimal Functioning model . European Yearbook of Sport Psychology , 2 : 94 – 123 .
   Google Scholar
• Robazza , C. , Bortoli , L. and Nougier , V. 1999 . Emotions, heart rate and performance in archery: a case study . Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness , 39 : 169 – 176 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robazza , C. , Bortoli , L. , Nocini , F. , Moser , G. and Arslan , C. 2000a . Normative and idiosyncratic measures of positive and negative affect in sport . Psychology of Sport and Exercise , 1 : 103 – 116 .
   Google Scholar
• Robazza , C. , Bortoli , L. and Nougier , V. 2000b . Performance emotions in an elite archer: a case study . Journal of Sport Behavior , 23 : 144 – 163 .
   Google Scholar
• Robazza , C. , Bortoli , L. and Nougier , V. 2002 . Monitoring of precompetition affect in elite Italian archers during the world championships . International Journal of Sport Psychology , 33 : 72 – 97 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell , J.A. 1980 . A circumplex model of affect . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 39 : 1161 – 1178 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schachter , S. and Singer , J.E. 1962 . Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state . Psychological Review , 69 : 379 – 399 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , R.E. , Smoll , F.L. and Schutz , R.W. 1990 . Measurement and correlates of sport-specific cognitive and somatic trait anxiety: the Sport Anxiety Scale . Anxiety Research , 2 : 263 – 280 .
   Google Scholar
• Spielberger , C.D. 1972 . “ Anxiety as an emotional state ” . In Anxiety: Current Trends in Theory and Research , Edited by: Spielberger , C.D. Vol. 1 , 23 – 49 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Spielberger , C.D. , Gorsuch , R.L. and Lushene , R.E. 1970 . Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) , Palo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychologists Press .
   Google Scholar
• Syrjä , P . and Hanin , Y. 1997 . Measurement of emotions in sport: a comparison of individualized and normative scales . In Innovations in Sport Psychology: Linking Theory and Practice . Proceedings of the IX World Congress of Sport Psychology (ISSP), Part II R. Lidor and M. Bar-Eli , pp. 682 – 684 . Israel : International Society of Sport Psychology .
   Google Scholar
• Syrjä , P. , Hanin , Y. and Pesonen , T. 1995a . “ Emotion and performance relationship in soccer players ” . In Proceedings of the 9th European Congress on Sport Psychology , Edited by: Vanfraechem-Raway , R. and Vanden Auweele , Y. 191 – 198 . Brussels : FEPSAC/Belgian Federation of Sport Psychology .
   Google Scholar
• Syrjä , P. , Hanin , Y. and Tarvonen , S. 1995b . “ Emotion and performance relationship in squash and badminton players ” . In Proceedings of the 9th European Congress on Sport Psychology , Edited by: Vanfraechem-Raway , R. and Vanden Auweele , Y. 183 – 190 . Brussels : FEPSAC/Belgian Federation of Sport Psychology .
   Google Scholar
• Vallerand , R.J. 1987 . Antecedents of self-related affects in sport: preliminary evidence on the intuitive-reflective appraisal model . Journal of Sport Psychology , 9 : 161 – 182 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallerand , R.J. and Blanchard , C.M. 2000 . “ The study of emotion in sport and exercise: historical, definitional, and conceptual perspectives ” . In Emotions in Sport , Edited by: Hanin , Y.L. 3 – 37 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Woodman , T. and Hardy , L. 2001 . “ Stress and anxiety ” . In Handbook of Sport Psychology , 2nd edn , Edited by: Singer , R.N. , Hausenblas , H.A. and Janelle , C.M. 290 – 318 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Woodman , T. , Albinson , J.G. and Hardy , L. 1997 . An investigation of the zones of optimal functioning hypothesis within a multidimensional framework . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 19 : 131 – 141 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaichkowsky , L.D. and Baltzell , A. 2001 . “ Arousal and performance ” . In Handbook of Sport Psychology , 2nd edn , Edited by: Singer , R.N. , Hausenblas , H.A. and Janelle , C.M. 319 – 339 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Zaichkowsky , L.D. , Hamill , G. and Dallis , B. 1995 . Physiological and psychological correlates of the Zone of Optimal Functioning . Communication to the Twelfth Annual Conference on Counselling Athletes , Springfield , MA , June .
   Google Scholar