818
Views
55
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The effects of changing pace on metabolism and stroke characteristics during high-speed breaststroke swimming

, , &
Pages 149-157 | Accepted 24 Jul 2003, Published online: 18 Feb 2007

References

References

  • Atkinson , G . 2001 . Analysis of repeated measurements . Physical Therapy Research , 2 : 194 – 208 .
  • Bangsbo , J , Johansen , L , Graham , T and Saltin , B . 1993 . Lactate and H+ effluxes from human skeletal muscles during intense dynamic exercise . Journal of Physiology , 462 : 115 – 133 .
  • Bird S Davidson R 1997 BASES Physiological Testing Guidelines, 3rd edn Leeds: BASES
  • Bland , JM and Altman , DG . 1986 . Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement . Lancet , 8 : 307 – 310 .
  • Borg G 1986 Psychophysiological studies of effort and exertion: some historical, theoretical and empirical aspects In The Perception of Exertion in Physical Work (edited by G. Borg and D. Ottson) pp. 3–14 London: Macmillan
  • Chatard , JC , Lavoie , JM and Lacour , JR . 1990 . Analysis of determinants of swimming economy in front crawl swimming . European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology , 61 : 88 – 93 .
  • Chengalur , SN and Brown , PL . 1992 . An analysis of male and female Olympic finalists in the 200 m events . Canadian Journal of Sports Sciences , 17 : 625 – 634 .
  • Cherry , PW , Lakomy , HKA , Nevill , ME and Fletcher , RJ . 1997 . Constant external work cycle exercise – the performance and metabolic effects of all-out and even paced strategies . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 75 : 22 – 27 .
  • Chollet , D and Pelayo , P . 1999 . Effects of different methodologies in calculating stroke length in swimming . Journal of Human Movement Studies , 36 : 127 – 136 .
  • Chollet , D , Pelayo , P , Tourny , C and Sidney , M . 1996 . Comparative analysis of 100 m and 200 m events in the four strokes in top level swimmers . Journal of Human Movement Studies , 31 : 25 – 37 .
  • Costill , DL , Kovaleski , J Porter , J . 1985 . Energy expenditure during front crawl swimming: predicting success in middle distance events . International Journal of Sports Medicine , 6 : 266 – 270 .
  • D'Aquisto , LJ , Costill , DL , Gehlson , GM , Wong-Tai Young , MA and Lee , G . 1988 . Breaststroke economy, skill and performance: study of breaststroke mechanics using a computer based ‘velocity video’ system . Journal of Swimming Research , 4 ( 2 ) : 9 – 13 .
  • Engelen , M , Porszasz , J Riley , M . 1996 . Effects of hypoxia on oxygen uptake and heart rate kinetics during heavy exercise . Journal of Applied Physiology , 81 : 2500 – 2508 .
  • Fitts , RH . 1994 . Cellular mechanisms of muscle fatigue . Physiology Review , 74 : 49 – 94 .
  • Foster , C , Snyder , AC Thompson , NN . 1993 . Effect of pacing strategy on cycle time trial performance . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 25 : 383 – 388 .
  • Foster , C , Schrager , AC , Snyder , AC and Thompson , NN . 1994 . Pacing strategy and athletic performance . Sports Medicine , 17 : 77 – 85 .
  • Hay , JG and Guimares , ACS . 1983 . A quantitative look at swimming biomechanics . Swimming Technique , 20 ( 2 ) : 11 – 17 .
  • Heiman GW 1999 Research Methods in Psychology, 2nd edn Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
  • Hermansen , L . 1969 . Anaerobic energy release . Medicine and Science in Sport , 1 : 32 – 38 .
  • Hermansen , L and Karlsson , J . 1967 . The results from the physiological investigation of elite swimmers . Simsport , 22 : 19 – 27 .
  • Holmer , I . 1974a . Propulsive efficiency of breaststroke and freestyle swimming . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 33 : 95 – 103 .
  • Holmer , I . 1974b . Physiology of swimming man . Acta Physiologica Scandinavica , suppl. 407 : pp. 87–123
  • Houston M 1978 Metabolic responses to exercise with special reference to training and competition in swimming In Swimming Medicine IV (edited by B.O. Eriksson and B. Furberg) pp. 207–232 Baltimore, MD: University Park Press
  • Kennedy , P , Brown , P , Chengalur , SN and Nelson , RC . 1990 . Analysis of male and female Olympic swimmers in the 100 m events . International Journal of Biomechanics , 6 : 187 – 197 .
  • Keskinen , KL and Komi , PV . 1993 . Stroking characteristics of front crawl swimming during exercise . Journal of Biomechanics , 9 : 219 – 226 .
  • Kostka , CE and Cafarelli , E . 1982 . Effect of pH on sensation and vastus lateralis electromyogram during cycling exercise . Journal of Applied Physiology , 52 : 1181 – 1185 .
  • Maglischo EW 1993 Swimming Even Faster Mountain View, CA: Mayfield
  • Manley PK Atha J 1992 Intra-stroke velocity fluctuations in paced breaststroke swimming In Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming: Swimming Science IV (edited by D. MacLaren, T. Reilly and A. Lees) pp. 151–159 London: E & FN Spon
  • Noakes TD 2002 Quality issues in the exercise sciences In Proceedings of the 12th Commonwealth Games International Sport Conference pp. 9–13 London: Association of Commonwealth Universities
  • Noakes , TD , Peltonen , JE and Rusko , HK . 2001 . Evidence that a central governer regulates exercise performance during acute hypoxia and hyperoxia . Journal of Experimental Biology , 204 : 3225 – 3234 .
  • Pendergast DR Di Prampero PE Craig, Jr AB Rennie DW 1978 The influence of selected biomechanical factors on the energy cost of swimming In Swimming Medicine IV (edited by B.O. Eriksson and B. Furberg) pp. 367–378 Baltimore, MD: University Park Press
  • Reilly , T , Robinson , G and Minors , SG . 1984 . Some circulatory responses to exercise at different times of day . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 16 : 471 – 478 .
  • Robinson , S , Robinson , DL , Mountjoy , RJ and Bullard , RW . 1958 . Influence of fatigue on the efficiency of men during exhausting runs . Journal of Applied Physiology , 12 : 197 – 201 .
  • Sawka , MN , Knowlton , RG , Miles , DS and Critz , JB . 1979 . Post competition blood lactate concentrations in collegiate swimmers . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 41 : 93 – 99 .
  • Swaine , I and Reilly , T . 1983 . The freely chosen stroke rate in a maximal swim on a biokinetic swim bench . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 15 : 370 – 375 .
  • Thompson , KG . 1998 . Differences in blood lactate concentrations in national standard breaststroke swimmers following heats and finals . Journal of Sports Sciences , 16 : 63 – 64 .
  • Thompson KG Haljand R 1997 The secrets of competitive breaststroke swimming Swimming Times November pp. 26–28
  • Thompson , KG , Haljand , R and MacLaren , D . 2000 . An analysis of selected kinematic variables in national and elite male and female 100-m and 200-m breaststroke swimmers . Journal of Sports Sciences , 18 : 421 – 431 .
  • Thompson , KG , MacLaren , D , Lees , A and Atkinson , G . 2002 . Accuracy of pacing during breaststroke swimming using a novel device, the Aquapacer™ . Journal of Sports Sciences , 7 : 537 – 546 .
  • Thompson , KG , MacLaren , D , Lees , A and Atkinson , G . 2003 . The effect of even, negative and positive pacing on metabolic, kinematic and temporal variables during breaststroke swimming . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 88 : 438 – 443 .
  • Troup , J . 1984 . Energy systems and training considerations . Journal of Swimming Research , 1 : 13 – 16 .
  • Van Handel PJ Katz A Morrow J et al. 1988 Aerobic economy and competitive swimming performance of US elite swimmers In International Series on Sports Sciences: Swimming Science XVIII (edited by B.E. Ungerechts, K. Wilke and B. Reischle) pp. 295–303 Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics
  • Wakayoshi K Nomura T Takahashi G Mutoh Y Miyashito M 1992 Analysis of swimming races in the 1989 Pan Pacific swimming competitions and 1988 Japanese Olympic trials In Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming IV (edited by D.P. MacLaren, T. Reilly and A. Lees) pp. 135–144 London: E & FN Spon
  • Xu , F and Rhodes , EC . 1999 . Oxygen kinetics during exercise . Sports Medicine , 27 : 313 – 327 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.