Decision-making skills, role specificity, and deliberate practice in association football refereeing

References

• Andersen , T. E. , Engebretsen , L. and Bahr , R. 2004 . Rule violations as a cause of injuries in male Norwegian professional football: Are the referees doing their job? . American Journal of Sports Medicine , 32 ( suppl. 1 ) : 62S – 68S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnason , A. , Tenga , A. , Engebretsen , L. and Bahr , R. 2004 . A prospective video-based analysis of injury situations in elite male football: Football incident analysis . American Journal of Sports Medicine , 32 : 1459 – 1465 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asami , T. , Togari , H. and Ohashi , J. 1988 . “ Analysis of movement patterns of referees during soccer matches ” . In Science and football , Edited by: Reilly , T. , Lees , A. , Davids , K. and Murphy , W. J. 341 – 345 . London : E & FN Spon .
   Google Scholar
• Baldo , M. V. , Ranvaud , R. D. and Morya , E. 2002 . Flag errors in soccer games: The flash-lag effect brought to real life . Perception , 31 : 1205 – 1210 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bangsbo , J. 1994a . The physiology of soccer: With special reference to intense intermittent exercise . Acta Physiologica Scandinavica , 151 : 1 – 155 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bangsbo , J. 1994b . Fitness training in football: A scientific approach , Bagsvaerd : HO + Storm .
   Google Scholar
• Bangsbo , J. , Mohr , M. and Krustrup , P. 2004 . Physical capacity and match performance of top-class football referees in relation to age . Journal of Sports Sciences , 22 : 524
   Google Scholar
• Bellafiore , M. , Bianco , A. , Palma , A. and Farina , F. 2005 . Adaptations in heart rate and arterial pressure induced by a specific training exercise program for elite soccer referees: A case report . Italian Journal of Sport Sciences , 12 : 145 – 149 .
   Google Scholar
• Bizzini , M. , Junge , A. , Bahr , R. , Helsen , W. and Dvorak , J. 2009 . Injuries and musculoskeletal complaints in referees and assistant referees selected for the 2006 FIFA World Cup: Retrospective and prospective survey . British Journal of Sports Medicine , 43 : 490 – 497 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bizzini , M. , Junge , A. , Bahr , R. and Dvorak , J. in press . Female soccer referees selected for the FIFA Women's World Cup 2007: A survey of injuries and musculoskeletal complaints . British Journal of Sports Medicine , (DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2008.051318)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloom , B. S. 1985 . “ Generalizations about talent development ” . In Developing talent in young people , Edited by: Bloom , B. S. 507 – 549 . New York : Ballantine .
   Google Scholar
• Canovas , S. , Reynes , E. , Ferrand , C. , Pantaléon , N. and Long , T. 2008 . Types of errors by referees and perception of injustice by soccer players: A preliminary study . Psychological Reports , 1 : 99 – 110 .
   Google Scholar
• Casajus , J. A. and Castagna , C. 2007 . Aerobic fitness and field test performance in elite Spanish soccer referees of different ages . Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport , 10 : 382 – 389 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castagna , C. and Abt , G. 2003 . Intermatch variation of match activity in elite Italian soccer referees . Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research , 17 : 388 – 392 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castagna , C. , Abt , G. and D'Ottavio , S. 2002a . Relation between fitness tests and match performance in elite Italian soccer referees . Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research , 16 : 231 – 235 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castagna , C. , Abt , G. and D'Ottavio , S. 2002b . The relationship between selected blood lactate thresholds and match performance in elite soccer referees . Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research , 16 : 623 – 627 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castagna , C. , Abt , G. and D'Ottavio , S. 2004 . Activity profile of international-level soccer referees during competitive matches . Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research , 18 : 486 – 490 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castagna , C. , Abt , G. and D'Ottavio , S. 2005a . Competitive-level differences in Yo-Yo intermittent recovery and twelve minute run test performance in soccer referees . Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research , 19 : 805 – 809 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castagna , C. , Abt , G. and D'Ottavio , S. 2007 . Physiological aspects of soccer refereeing performance and training . Sports Medicine , 37 : 625 – 646 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castagna , C. , Abt , G. , D'Ottavio , S. and Weston , M. 2005b . Age-related effects on fitness performance in elite-level soccer referees . Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research , 19 : 785 – 790 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castagna , C. and D'Ottavio , S. 2001 . Effect of maximal aerobic power on match performance in elite soccer referees . Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research , 15 : 420 – 425 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catterall , C. , Reilly , T. , Atkinson , G. and Coldwells , A. 1993 . Analysis of the work rates and heart rates of association football referees . British Journal of Sports Medicine , 27 : 193 – 196 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charness , N. , Krampe , R. and Mayr , U. 1996 . “ The role of practice and coaching in entrepreneurial skill domains: An international comparison of life-span chess skill acquisition ” . In The road to excellence: The acquisition of expert performance in the arts and sciences, sports, and games , Edited by: Ericsson , K. A. 51 – 80 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Coulomb-Cabagno , G. , Rascle , O. and Souchon , N. 2005 . Players' gender and male referees' decisions about aggression in French soccer: A preliminary study . Sex Roles , 52 : 547 – 553 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Da Silva , A. I. and Fernandez , R. 2003 . Dehydration of football referees during a match . British Journal of Sports Medicine , 37 : 502 – 506 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Ottavio , S. and Castagna , C. 2001a . Analysis of match activities in elite soccer referees during actual match play . Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research , 15 : 167 – 171 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Ottavio , S. and Castagna , C. 2001b . Physiological load imposed on elite soccer referees during actual match play . Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness , 41 : 27 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Ottavio , S. and Castagna , C. 2002 . “ Physiological aspects of soccer refereeing ” . In Science and football IV , Edited by: Spinks , W. , Reilly , T. and Murphy , A. 308 – 311 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Eismann , H. J. 1994 . “ The referee ” . In Football (soccer) , Edited by: Ekblom , B. 100 – 101 . Oxford : Blackwell Scientific .
   Google Scholar
• Eismann , H. J. 1996 . The 23rd Man: Sports medical advice for football referees , Leipzig : Gersöne-Druck .
   Google Scholar
• Ericsson , K. A. , Krampe , R. T. and Tesch-Römer , C. 1993 . The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance . Psychological Review , 100 : 363 – 406 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ericsson , K. A. and Smith , J. 1991 . “ Prospects and limits of the empirical study of expertise: An introduction ” . In Towards a general theory of expertise , Edited by: Ericsson , K. A. and Smith , J. 1 – 38 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Friedman , Z. and Klein , K. 1988 . What are the physical activities of a football referee on the field . Football Journal , 33 ( 4 ) : 35 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Fuller , C. W. , Junge , A. and Dvorak , J. 2004a . An assessment of football referees' decisions in incidents leading to player injuries . American Journal of Sports Medicine , 32 ( suppl. 1 ) : 17S – 22S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller , C. W. , Smith , G. L. , Junge , A. and Dvorak , J. 2004b . An assessment of player error as an injury causation factor in international football . American Journal of Sports Medicine , 32 ( suppl. 1 ) : 28S – 35S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galanti , G. , Pizzi , A. , Lucarelli , M. , Stefani , L. , Gianassi , M. Di Tante , V. 2008 . The cardiovascular profile of soccer referees: An echocardiographic study . Cardiovascular Ultrasound , 6 (DOI: 10.1186/1476-7120-6-8)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilis , B. , Helsen , W. , Catteeuw , P. and Wagemans , J. 2008 . Offside decisions by expert assistant referees in association football: Perception and recall of spatial positions in complex dynamic events . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied , 14 : 21 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilis , B. , Helsen , W. , Catteeuw , P. , Van Roie , E. and Wagemans , J. 2009 . Interpretation and application of the offside law by expert assistant referees: Perception of spatial positions in complex dynamic events on and off the field . Journal of Sports Sciences , 27 : 551 – 563 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilis , B. , Weston , M. , Helsen , W. , Junge , A. and Dvorak , J. 2006 . Interpretation and application of the laws of the game in football incidents leading to player injuries . International Journal of Sport Psychology , 37 : 121 – 138 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harley , R. A. , Tozer , K. and Doust , J. 1999 . An analysis of movement patterns and physiological strain in relation to optimal positioning of association football referees . Journal of Sports Sciences , 17 : 813
   Google Scholar
• Harley , R. A. , Tozer , K. and Doust , J. 2002 . “ An analysis of movement patterns and physiological strain in relation to optimal positioning of association football referees ” . In Science and football IV , Edited by: Spinks , W. , Reilly , T. and Murphy , A. 137 – 143 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Helsen , W. and Bultynck , J. B. 2004 . Physical and perceptual-cognitive demands of top-class refereeing in association football . Journal of Sports Sciences , 22 : 179 – 189 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helsen , W. , Gilis , B. and Weston , M. 2006 . Errors in judging “offside” in association football: Test of the optical error versus the perceptual flash-lag hypothesis . Journal of Sports Sciences , 24 : 521 – 528 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helsen , W. , Gilis , B. and Weston , M. 2007 . Helsen, Gilis, and Weston (2006) do not err in questioning the optical error hypothesis as the only major account for explaining offside decision-making errors . Journal of Sports Sciences , 25 : 991 – 994 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helsen , W. F. , Starkes , J. L. and Hodges , N. J. 1998 . Team sports and the theory of deliberate practice . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 20 : 12 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodges , N. J. and Starkes , J. L. 1996 . Wrestling with the nature of expertise: A sport specific test of Ericsson, Krampe, and Tesch-Römer's (1993) theory of deliberate practice . International Journal of Sport Psychology , 27 : 400 – 424 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howe , M. J. A. , Davidson , J. W. and Sloboda , J. A. 1998 . Innate talents: Reality or myth? . Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 21 : 399 – 442 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston , L. and McNaughton , L. 1994 . The physiological requirements of soccer refereeing . Australian Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport , 26 ( 3–4 ) : 67 – 72 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones , M. V. , Paull , G. C. and Erskine , J. 2002 . The impact of a team's aggressive reputation on the decisions of association football referees . Journal of Sports Sciences , 20 : 991 – 1000 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krampe , R. T. and Ericsson , K. A. 1996 . Maintaining excellence: Deliberate practice and elite performance in young and older pianists . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 125 : 331 – 359 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krustrup , P. and Bangsbo , J. 2001 . Physiological demands of top-class soccer refereeing in relation to physical capacity: Effect of intense intermittent exercise training . Journal of Sports Sciences , 19 : 881 – 891 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krustrup , P. , Mohr , M. and Bangsbo , J. 2002 . Activity profile and physiological demands of top-class soccer assistant refereeing in relation to training status . Journal of Sports Sciences , 20 : 861 – 871 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane , A. M. , Nevill , A. M. , Ahmad , N. S. and Balmer , N. 2006 . Soccer referee decision-making: “Shall I blow the whistle?” . Journal of Sports Science and Medicine , 5 : 243 – 253 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacMahon , C. , Helsen , W. F. , Starkes , J. L. and Weston , M. 2007 . Decision-making skills and deliberate practice in elite association football referees . Journal of Sports Sciences , 25 : 65 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallo , J. , Navarro , E. , Garcia-Aranda , J. M. , Gilis , B. and Helsen , W. 2007 . Activity profile of top-class association football referees in relation to performance in selected physical tests . Journal of Sports Sciences , 25 : 805 – 813 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallo , J. , Navarro , E. , Garcia-Aranda , J. M. , Gilis , B. and Helsen , W. 2008 . Analysis of the kinematical demands imposed on top-class assistant referees during competitive soccer matches . Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research , 22 : 235 – 242 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallo , J. , Navarro , E. , Garcia-Aranda , J. M. and Helsen , W. 2009 . Activity profile of top-class association football referees in relation to fitness-test performance and match standard . Journal of Sports Sciences , 27 : 9 – 17 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallo , J. , Veiga , S. , Lopéz de Subijana , C. and Navarro , E. in press . Activity profile of top-class female soccer refereeing in relation to the position of the ball . Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport , (DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2008.09.006)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maruenda , F. B. 2004 . Can the human eye detect an offside position during a football match? . British Medical Journal , 329 ( 7480 ) : 1470 – 1472 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mascarenhas , D. R. D. , Collins , D. and Mortimer , P. W. 2002 . The art of reason versus the exactness of science in elite refereeing: Comments on Plessner and Betsch (2001) . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 24 : 328 – 333 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mascarenhas , D. , O'Hare , D. and Plessner , H. 2006 . The psychological and performance demands of association football refereeing . International Journal of Sport Psychology , 37 : 99 – 120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oudejans , R. R. , Bakker , F. C. and Beek , P. J. 2007 . Helsen, Gilis and Weston (2006) err in testing the optical error hypothesis . Journal of Sports Sciences , 25 : 987 – 990 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oudejans , R. R. , Bakker , F. C. , Verheijen , R. , Gerrits , J. C. , Steinbruckner , M. and Beek , P. J. 2005 . How position and motion of expert assistant referees in soccer relate to the quality of their offside judgements during actual match play . International Journal of Sport Psychology , 36 : 3 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oudejans , R. R. , Verheijen , R. , Bakker , F. C. , Gerrits , J. C. , Steinbruckner , M. and Beek , P. J. 2000 . Errors in judging “offside” in football . Nature , 404 ( 6773 ) : 33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly , T. and Gregson , W. 2006 . Special populations: The referee and assistant referee . Journal of Sports Sciences , 24 : 795 – 801 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rontoyannis , G. P. , Stalikas , A. , Sarros , G. and Vlastaris , A. 1998 . Medical, morphological and functional aspects of Greek football referees . Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness , 38 : 208 – 214 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salthouse , T. A. 1991 . Mediation of adult age differences in cognition by reductions in working memory and speed of processing . Psychological Science , 2 : 179 – 183 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanabria , J. , Cenjor , C. , Marquez , F. , Gutierrez , R. , Martinez , D. and Prados-Garcia , J. L. 1998 . Oculomotor movements and football's Law 11 . Lancet , 351 ( 9098 ) : 268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer , R. N. and Janelle , C. M. 1999 . Determining sport expertise: From genes to supremes . International Journal of Sport Psychology , 30 : 117 – 150 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starkes , J. L. , Deakin , J. M. , Allard , F. , Hodges , N. J. and Hayes , A. 1996 . “ Deliberate practice in sports: What is it anyway? ” . In The road to excellence: The acquisition of expert performance in the arts, sciences, sports and games , Edited by: Ericsson , K. A. 81 – 106 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Stolen , T. , Chamari , K. , Castagna , C. and Wisloff , U. 2005 . Physiology of soccer: An update . Sports Medicine , 35 : 501 – 536 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , J. L. , O'Hara , R. , Mumenthaler , M. S. , Rosen , A. C. and Yesavage , J. A. 2005 . Cognitive ability, expertise, and age differences in following air-traffic control instructions . Psychology and Aging , 20 : 117 – 133 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tessitore , A. , Cortis , C. , Meeusen , R. and Capranica , L. 2007 . Power performance of soccer referees before, during, and after official matches . Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research , 21 : 1183 – 1187 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas , S. , Reeves , C. and Smith , A. 2006 . English soccer teams' aggressive behavior when playing away from home . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 102 : 317 – 320 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiryaki , M. S. 2005 . Assessing whether black uniforms affect the decisions of Turkish soccer referees: Is finding of Frank and Gilovich's study valid for Turkish culture? . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 100 : 51 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unkelbach , C. and Memmert , D. 2008 . Game management, context effects, and calibration: The case of yellow cards in soccer . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 30 : 95 – 109 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Meerbeek , R. , Van Gool , D. and Bollens , J. 1987 . “ Analysis of the refereeing decisions during the world soccer championship in 1986 in Mexico ” . In Science and football , Edited by: Reilly , T. , Lees , A. , Davids , K. and Murphy , W. J. 377 – 382 . London : E & FN Spon .
   Google Scholar
• Verheijen , R. , Oudejans , R. R. , Beek , P. J. and Bakker , F. C. 1999 . Factors affecting decision-making of soccer referees . Journal of Sports Sciences , 17 : 832
   Google Scholar
• Ward , P. , Hodges , N. J. , Williams , A. M. and Starkes , J. L. 2004 . “ Deliberate practice and expert performance: Defining the path to excellence ” . In Skill acquisition in sport: Research, theory and practice , Edited by: Williams , A. M. and Hodges , N. J. 232 – 258 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Weston , M. , Bird , S. , Helsen , W. , Nevill , A. and Castagna , C. 2006 . The effect of match standard and referee experience on the objective and subjective match workload of English Premier League referees . Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport , 9 : 256 – 262 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weston , M. and Brewer , J. 2002 . An investigation into the physiological demands of soccer refereeing . Journal of Sports Sciences , 20 : 59 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weston , M. , Castagna , C. , Impellizzeri , F. M. , Rampinini , E. and Abt , G. 2007 . Analysis of physical match performance in English Premier League soccer referees with particular reference to first half and player work rates . Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport , 10 : 390 – 397 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weston , M. , Castagna , C. , Impellizzeri , F. M. , Rampinini , E. and Breivik , S. in press . Ageing and physical match performance in English Premier League soccer referees . Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport , (DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2008.07.009)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weston , M. , Helsen , W. , MacMahon , C. and Kirkendall , D. 2004 . The impact of specific high-intensity training sessions on football referees' fitness levels . American Journal of Sports Medicine , 32 ( suppl. 1 ) : 54S – 61S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young , B. W. and Salmela , J. H. 2001 . Perceptions of training and deliberate practice of middle distance runners . International Journal of Sport Psychology , 33 : 167 – 181 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar