Mechanics of standing and crouching sprint starts

References

• Akaike, H. (1973). Information theory and an extension of the maximum likelihood principle. In Csaki (Ed.), Second international symposium on information theory (pp. 267–281). Budapest: Academiai Kiado.
   Google Scholar
• Bezodis, N. E., Salo, A. I. T., & Trewartha, G. (2010). Choice of sprint start performance measure affects the performance-based ranking within a group of sprinters: Which is the most appropriate measure? Sports Biomechanics, 9(4), 258–269. doi:10.1080/14763141.2010.538713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bezodis, N. E., Trewartha, G., & Salo, A. I. T. (2008, July 14–18). Understand elite sprint start performance through an analysis of joint kinematics (pp. 498–501). ISBS Conference, Seoul, Korea.
   Google Scholar
• Bonnechere, B., Beyer, B., Rooze, M., & van Sint, J. S. (2014). What is the safest sprint starting position for American football players? Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 13(2), 423–429. Retrieved from http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3990900&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, T., & Vescovi, J. (2004). Is stepping back really counterproductive? Strength & Conditioning Journal, 26(1), 42–44. doi:10.1519/00126548-200402000-00012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronin, J., Green, J., Levin, G., Brughelli, M., & Frost, D. (2007). Effect of starting stance on initial sprint performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research/National Strength & Conditioning Association, 21(3), 990–992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cusick, J. L., Lund, R. J., & Ficklin, T. K. (2014). A comparison of three different start techniques on sprint speed in collegiate linebackers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 28(9), 2669–2672. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000000453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Leva, P. (1996). Adjustments to Zatsiorsky-Seluyanov’s segment inertia parameters. Journal of Biomechanics, 29(9), 1223–1230. doi:10.1016/0021-9290(95)00178-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debaere, S., Delecluse, C., Aerenhouts, D., Hagman, F., & Jonkers, I. (2013). From block clearance to sprint running: Characteristics underlying an effective transition. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(2), 137–149. doi:10.1080/02640414.2012.722225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunnett, C. W. (1980). Pairwise multiple comparisons in the unequal variance case. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 75(372), 796–800. doi:10.1080/01621459.1980.10477552
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duthie, G. M., Pyne, D. B., Ross, A. A., Livingstone, S. G., & Hooper, S. L. (2006). The reliability of ten-meter sprint time using different starting techniques. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 20(2), 246–251. doi:10.1519/R-17084.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dysterheft, J. L., Lewinski, W. J., Seefeldt, D. A., & Pettitt, R. W. (2013). The influence of start position, initial step type, and usage of a focal point on sprinting performance. International Journal of Exercise Science, 6(4), 320–327.
   Google Scholar
• Faude, O., Koch, T., & Meyer, T. (2012). Straight sprinting is the most frequent action in goal situations in professional football. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(7), 625–631. doi:10.1080/02640414.2012.665940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost, D., & Cronin, J. (2011). Stepping back to improve sprint performance: A kinetic analysis of the first step forwards. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(10), 2721–2728. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e31820d9ff6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost, D., Cronin, J. B., & Levin, G. (2008). Stepping backward can improve sprint performance over short distances. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(3), 918–922. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e31816a84f5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabbett, T. J. (2012). Sprinting patterns of National Rugby League competition. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research/National Strength & Conditioning Association, 26(1), 121–130. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e31821e4c60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagnon, M. (1977). 6th International Congress of Biomechanics, Copenhagen, Denmark. In E. Asmussen & K. Jorgensen (Eds.), Biomechanics VI-B (pp. 46–50). Baltimore, MD: University Park Press, c1978.
   Google Scholar
• Guissard, N., Duchateau, J., & Hainaut, K. (1992, November). EMG and mechanical changes during sprint starts at different front block obliquities. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 24, 1257–1263. doi:10.1249/00005768-199211000-00010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harland, M., & Steele, J. R. (1997). Biomechanics of the sprint start. Sports Medicine, 23, 11–20. doi:10.2165/00007256-199723010-00002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haugen, T., & Buchheit, M. (2016). Sprint running performance monitoring: Methodological and practical considerations key points. Sports Medicine, 46(5), 641–656. doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0446-0
   Google Scholar
• Haugen, T. A., Tønnessen, E., & Seiler, S. K. (2012). The difference is in the start: Impact of timing and start procedure on sprint running performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research/National Strength & Conditioning Association, 26(2), 473–479. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e318226030b
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry, M. (1952). Force time characteristics of the sprint start. Research Quarterly, 23, 301–318.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, T., Brown, L., Coburn, J., Judelson, D., Khamoui, A., Tran, T., & Uribe, B. (2010). Effect of four different starting stances on sprint time in collegiate volleyball players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(10), 2641–2646. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181f159a3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawamori, N., Newton, R., & Nosaka, K. (2014). Effects of weighted sled towing on ground reaction force during the acceleration phase of sprint running. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32(12), 1139–1145. doi:10.1080/02640414.2014.886129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraan, G. A., van Veen, J., Snijders, C. J., & Storm, J. (2001). Starting from standing; why step backwards? Journal of Biomechanics, 34(2), 211–215. doi:10.1016/S0021-9290(00)00178-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kugler, F., & Janshen, L. (2010). Body position determines propulsive forces in accelerated running. Journal of Biomechanics, 43(2), 343–348. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.07.041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeDune, J., Nesser, T., Finch, A., & Zakrajsek, R. (2012). Biomechanical analysis of two standing sprint start techniques. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(12), 3449–3453. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e318248d8f5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackala, K. (2007). Optimisation of performance through kinematic analysis of the different phases of the 100 metres. New Studies in Athletics, 22(2), 7–16.
   Google Scholar
• Morin, J.-B., Edouard, P., & Samozino, P. (2011). Technical ability of force application as a determinant factor of sprint performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 43(9), 1680–1688. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e318216ea37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morin, J.-B., Slawinski, J., Dorel, S., De Villareal, E. S., Couturier, A., Samozino, P., … Rabita, G. (2015). Acceleration capability in elite sprinters and ground impulse: Push more, brake less? Journal of Biomechanics, 48(12), 3149–3154. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.07.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagahara, R., Matsubayashi, T., Matsuo, A., & Zushi, K. (2014). Kinematics of transition during human accelerated sprinting. Biology Open, 3(8), 689–699. doi:10.1242/bio.20148284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostarello, A. G. (2001, February). Effectiveness of three sprint starts: A longitudinal case study. (J. R. Blackwell & R. H. Sanders, Eds., pp. 83–86). 19th International symposium on biomechanics in sports, San Francisco.
   Google Scholar
• Otsuka, M., Shim, J. K., Kurihara, T., Yoshioka, S., Nokata, M., & Isaka, T. (2014). Effect of expertise on 3D force application during the starting block phase and subsequent steps in sprint running. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 30(3), 390–400. doi:10.1123/jab.2013-0017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabita, G., Dorel, S., Slawinski, J., Sàez-de-Villarreal, E., Couturier, A., Samozino, P., & Morin, J. B. (2015). Sprint mechanics in world-class athletes: A new insight into the limits of human locomotion. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 25(5), 583–594. doi:10.1111/sms.12389
   Google Scholar
• Reed, M. P., Manary, M. A., & Schneider, L. W. (1999). Methods for measuring and representing automobile occupant posture. In International Congress and Exposition (pp. 1–15). Detroit: The Engineering Society For advancing Mobility Land Sea Air and Space.
   Google Scholar
• Salo, A., & Bezodis, I. (2004). Which starting style is faster in sprint running–standing or crouch start? Sports Biomechanics/International Society of Biomechanics in Sports, 3(1), 43–53. doi:10.1080/14763140408522829
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sigerseth, P., & Grinaker, V. (1962). Effect of foot spacing on velocity in sprints. Research Quarterly, 33, 599–606.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slawinski, J., Bonnefoy, A., Lévêque, J., Ontanon, G., Riquet, A., Dumas, R., & Chèze, L. (2010). Kinematic and kinetic comparisons of elite and well-trained sprinters during sprint start. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(4), 896–905. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181ad3448
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slawinski, J., Bonnefoy, A., Ontanon, G., Leveque, J. M., Miller, C., Riquet, A., … Dumas, R. (2010). Segment-interaction in sprint start: Analysis of 3D angular velocity and kinetic energy in elite sprinters. Journal of Biomechanics, 43(8), 1494–1502. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.01.044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slawinski, J., Dumas, R., Cheze, L., Ontanon, G., Miller, C., & Mazure-Bonnefoy, A. (2012). 3D kinematic of bunched, medium and elongated sprint start. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 33(7), 555–560. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1304587
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slawinski, J., Termoz, N., Rabita, G., Guilhem, G., Dorel, S., Morin, J.-B., & Samozino, P. (2015). How 100-m event analyses improve our understanding of world-class men’s and women’s sprint performance. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. doi:10.1111/sms.12627
   Google Scholar
• Westfall, P., Tobias, R., Rom, D., Wolfinger, R., & Hochberg, Y. (1999). Multiple comparisons and multiple tests using the SAS system (pp. 1–615). Cary, NC: SAS Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, G., Siegler, S., Allard, P., Kirtley, C., Leardini, A., Rosenbaum, D., … Stokes, I. (2002). ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate system of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion – Part I: Ankle, hip, and spine. International Society of Biomechanics. Journal of Biomechanics, 35(4), 543–548. doi:10.1016/S0021-9290(01)00222-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, G., van der Helm, F. C. T., (Dirkjan) Veeger, H. E. J., Makhsous, M., Van Roy, P., Anglin, C., … Buchholz, B. (2005). ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate systems of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion—Part II: Shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand. Journal of Biomechanics, 38(5), 981–992. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2004.05.042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar