Elite male field hockey players have symmetric isokinetic glenohumeral strength profiles, but show asymmetry in scapular muscle strength

References

• Anders, E., & Myers, S. (2008). Field hockey 2nd edition: Steps to success. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Andersen, C. H., Zebis, M. K., Saervoll, C., Sundstrup, E., Jakobsen, M. D., Sjogaard, G., & Andersen, L. L. (2012). Scapular muscle activity from selected strengthening exercises performed at low and high intensities. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(9), 2408–2416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrade, M. S., Vancini, R. L., De Lira, C. A., Mascarin, N. C., Fachina, R. J., & Da Silva, A. C. (2013). Shoulder isokinetic profile of male handball players of the Brazilian National Team. Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy, 17(6), 572–578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop, C., Read, P., Lake, J., Chavda, S., & Turner, A. (2018). Inter-limb asymmetries: Understanding how to calculate differences from bilateral and unilateral tests. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 1. doi:10.1519/SSC.0000000000000371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bretigny, P., Seifert, L., Leory, D., & Chollet, D. (2008). Upper-limb kinematics and coordination of short grip and classic drives in field hockey. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 24(3), 215–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byram, I. R., Bushnell, B. D., Dugger, K., Charron, K., Harrell, F. E., Jr., & Noonan, T. J. (2010). Preseason shoulder strength measurements in professional baseball pitchers: Identifying players at risk for injury. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 38(7), 1375–1382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cools, A. M., Borms, D., Castelein, B., Vanderstukken, F., & Johansson, F. R. (2016). Evidence-based rehabilitation of athletes with glenohumeral instability. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy: Official Journal of the ESSKA, 24(2), 382–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cools, A. M., Declercq, G. A., Cambier, D. C., Mahieu, N. N., & Witvrouw, E. E. (2007). Trapezius activity and intramuscular balance during isokinetic exercise in overhead athletes with impingement symptoms. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 17(1), 25–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cools, A. M., Geerooms, E., Van den Berghe, D. F., Cambier, D. C., & Witvrouw, E. E. (2007). Isokinetic scapular muscle performance in young elite gymnasts. Journal of Athletic Training, 42(4), 458–463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cools, A. M., Palmans, T., & Johansson, F. R. (2014). Age-related, sport-specific adaptions of the shoulder girdle in elite adolescent tennis players. Journal of Athletic Training, 49(5), 647–653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cools, A. M., Witvrouw, E. E., Danneels, L. A., Vanderstraeten, G. G., & Cambier, D. C. (2002). Test-retest reproducibility of concentric strength values for shoulder girdle protraction and retraction using the Biodex isokinetic dynamometer. Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 10(3), 129–136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cools, A. M., Witvrouw, E. E., Mahieu, N. N., & Danneels, L. A. (2005). Isokinetic scapular muscle performance in overhead athletes with and without impingement symptoms. Journal of Athletic Training, 40(2), 104–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cormack, S. J., Newton, R. U., McGuigan, M. R., & Doyle, T. L. (2008). Reliability of measures obtained during single and repeated countermovement jumps. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 3(2), 131–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donatelli, R., Ellenbecker, T. S., Ekedahl, S. R., Wilkes, J. S., Kocher, K., & Adam, J. (2000). Assessment of shoulder strength in professional baseball pitchers. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 30(9), 544–551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dvir, Z. (2000). Isokinetic muscle testing: Reflections on future venues. Hong Kong Physiotherapy Journal, 18(2), 41–46.
   Google Scholar
• Dvir, Z. (2003). Isokinetics. London: Churchill Livingstone.
   Google Scholar
• Edouard, P., Samozino, P., Julia, M., Gleizes Cervera, S., Vanbiervliet, W., Calmels, P., & Gremeaux, V. (2011). Reliability of isokinetic assessment of shoulder-rotator strength: A systematic review of the effect of position. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 20(3), 367–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellenbecker, T., & Roetert, E. P. (2003). Age specific isokinetic glenohumeral internal and external rotation strength in elite junior tennis players. Journal of Science and Medicine in sport/Sports Medicine Australia, 6(1), 63–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellenbecker, T. S., & Mattalino, A. J. (1997). Concentric isokinetic shoulder internal and external rotation strength in professional baseball pitchers. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 25(5), 323–328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Exell, T. A., Irwin, G., Gittoes, M. J. R., & Kerwin, D. G. (2012). Implications of intra-limb variability on asymmetry analyses. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(4), 403–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorman, A. J. (2013). The timing and magnitude of muscular activity patterns during a field hockey hit (Masters thesis). University of Lincoln, Lincoln.
   Google Scholar
• Johansson, F. R., Skillgate, E., Lapauw, M. L., Clijmans, D., Deneulin, V. P., Palmans, T., … Cools, A. M. (2015). Measuring eccentric strength of the shoulder external rotators using a handheld dynamometer: Reliability and validity. Journal of Athletic Training, 50(7), 719–725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luoto, S., Hupli, M., Alaranta, H., & Hurri, H. (1996). Isokinetic performance capacity of trunk muscles. Part II: Coefficient of variation in isokinetic measurement in maximal effort and in submaximal effort. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 28(4), 207–210.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lythe, J., & Kilding, A. E. (2011). Physical demands and physiological responses during elite field hockey. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 32(7), 523–528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer, F., Horstmann, T., Bäurle, W., Grau, S., Handel, M., & Dickhuth, H. H. (2001). Diagnostics with isokinetic devices in shoulder measurements: Potentials and limits. Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 9(1), 19–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukherjee, S. (2013). Traumatic upper limb injuries during the Men’s Field Hockey Junior World Cup 2009. Research in Sports Medicine, 21(4), 318–329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulligan, I. J., Biddington, W. B., Barnhart, B. D., & Ellenbecker, T. S. (2004). Isokinetic profile of shoulder internal and external rotators of high school aged baseball pitchers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 18(4), 861–866.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murtaugh, K. (2001). Injury patterns among female field hockey players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(2), 201–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murtaugh, K. (2009). Epidemiology of injury in olympic sports. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Rishiraj, N., Taunton, J. E., & Niven, B. (2009). Injury profile of elite under-21 age female field hockey players. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 49(1), 71–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, H. B., & Kailashiya, J. (2017). The anthropometric correlates for the physiological demand of strength and flexibility: A study in young indian field hockey players. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research: JCDR, 11(6), CC01–CC05.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stark, T., Walker, B., Phillips, J. K., Fejer, R., & Beck, R. (2011). Hand-held dynamometry correlation with the gold standard isokinetic dynamometry: A systematic review. PM & R: the Journal of Injury, Function, and Rehabilitation, 3(5), 472–479.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Theilen, T. M., Mueller-Eising, W., Wefers Bettink, P., & Rolle, U. (2016). Injury data of major international field hockey tournaments. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(11), 657–660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, A., Brazier, J., Bishop, C., Chavda, S., Cree, J., & Read, P. (2015). Data analysis for strength and conditioning coaches: Using excel to analyze reliability, differences, and relationships. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 37(1), 76–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Undheim, M. B., Cosgrave, C., King, E., Strike, S., Marshall, B., Falvey, E., & Franklyn-Miller, A. (2015). Isokinetic muscle strength and readiness to return to sport following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Is there an association? A systematic review and a protocol recommendation. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49(20), 1305–1310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zapparoli, F. Y., & Riberto, M. (2016). Isokinetic evaluation of the hip flexor and extensor muscles: A systematic review. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 26(6), 556–566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar