Estimating fat-free mass in elite youth male soccer players: cross-validation of different field methods and development of prediction equation

References

• Batterham, A. M., & Hopkins, W. G. (2006). Making meaningful inferences about magnitudes. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 1(1), 50–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilsborough, J. C., Greenway, K., Opar, D., Livingstone, S., Cordy, J., & Coutts, A. J. (2014). The accuracy and precision of DXA for assessing body composition in team sport athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 414, 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Bland, J. M., & Altman, D. G. (1986). Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet (London, England), 1(8476), 307–310. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2868172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brook, C. G. (1971). Determination of body composition of children from skinfold measurements. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 46(246), 182–184. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5576028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckinx, F., Reginster, J.-Y., Dardenne, N., Croisiser, J.-L., Kaux, J.-F., Beaudart, C., … Bruyère, O. (2015). Concordance between muscle mass assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis and by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry: A cross-sectional study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 16(1), 60.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Calbet, J. A., Moysi, J. S., Dorado, C., & Rodríguez, L. P. (1998). Bone mineral content and density in professional tennis players. Calcified Tissue International, 62(6), 491–496. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9576975
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carling, C., & Orhant, E. (2010). Variation in body composition in professional soccer players: Interseasonal and intraseasonal changes and the effects of exposure time and player position. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(5), 1332–1339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter, J. E. L. (1982). 7. Body composition of Montreal olympic athletes (pp. 107–116). Karger Publishers. doi:10.1159/000406783
   Google Scholar
• Chaouachi, A., Manzi, V., Chaalali, A., Wong Del, P., Chamari, K., & Castagna, C. (2012). Determinants analysis of change-of-direction ability in elite soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(10), 2667–2676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delaney, J. A., Thornton, H. R., Scott, T. J., Ballard, D. A., Duthie, G. M., Wood, L. G., & Dascombe, B. J. (2016). Validity of skinfold-based measures for tracking changes in body composition in professional rugby league players. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 11(2), 261–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deprez, D., Valente-Dos-Santos, J., Coelho-E-Silva, M. J., Lenoir, M., Philippaerts, R., & Vaeyens, R. (2015). Longitudinal development of explosive leg power from childhood to adulthood in soccer players. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 36(8), 672–679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deurenberg, P., Pieters, J. J., & Hautvast, J. G. (1990). The assessment of the body fat percentage by skinfold thickness measurements in childhood and young adolescence. The British Journal of Nutrition, 63(2), 293–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durnin, J. V., & Rahaman, M. M. (1967). The assessment of the amount of fat in the human body from measurements of skinfold thickness. The British Journal of Nutrition, 21(3), 681–689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durnin, J. V., & Womersley, J. (1974). Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness : Measurements on 481 men and women aged from 16 to 72 years. British Journal of Nutrition, 32(1), 77–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Hage, R. P., Courteix, D., Benhamou, C.-L., Jacob, C., & Jaffré, C. (2009). Relative importance of lean and fat mass on bone mineral density in a group of adolescent girls and boys. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 105(5), 759–764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faulkner, J. (1968). Physiology of swimming and diving. In  H. B. Falls (Ed.), Exercise physiology. New York, NY: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hopkins, W. G. (2000). Analysis of validity by linear regression (Excel spreadsheet). A new view of statistics. Sportsci. org. Internet Society for Sport Science. Retrieved from http://www.sportsci.org/resource/stats/
   Google Scholar
• Hopkins, W. G., Marshall, S. W., Batterham, A. M., & Hanin, J. (2009). Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41(1), 3–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoshikawa, Y., Iida, T., Ii, N., Muramatsu, M., Nakajima, Y., Chumank, K., & Kanehisa, H. (2012). Cross-sectional area of psoas major muscle and hip flexion strength in youth soccer players. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 112(10), 3487–3494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoshikawa, Y., Muramatsu, M., Iida, T., Uchiyama, A., Nakajima, Y., & Kanehisa, H. (2010). Event-related differences in the cross-sectional areas and torque generation capabilities of quadriceps femoris and hamstrings in male high school athletes. Journal of Physiological Anthropology, 29(1), 13–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemper, G. L. J., Van Der Sluis, A., Brink, M. S., Visscher, C., Frencken, W. G. P., & Elferink-Gemser, M. T. (2015). Anthropometric injury risk factors in elite-standard youth soccer. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 36(13), 1112–1117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lago-Peñas, C., Casais, L., Dellal, A., Rey, E., & Domínguez, E. (2011). Anthropometric and physiological characteristics of young soccer players according to their playing positions: Relevance for competition success. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(12), 3358–3367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohman, T. G. (1981). Skinfolds and body density and their relation to body fatness: A review. Human Biology, 53(2), 181–225. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7239496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohman, T. G., & Chen, Z. (2005). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. In S. B. Heymsfield, T. G. Lohman, & Z. Wang (Eds.), Human body composition: Methods and findings (pp. 63–77). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Massidda, M., Eynon, N., Bachis, V., Corrias, L., Culigioni, C., Cugia, P., … Calò, C. M. (2016). Association between MCT1 A1470T polymorphism and fat-free mass in well-trained young soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(4), 1171–1176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milsom, J., Barreira, P., Burgess, D. J., Iqbal, Z., & Morton, J. P. (2014). Case study: Muscle atrophy and hypertrophy in a premier league soccer player during rehabilitation from ACL injury. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 24(5), 543–552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milsom, J., Naughton, R., O’Boyle, A., Iqbal, Z., Morgans, R., Drust, B., & Morton, J. P. (2015). Body composition assessment of english premier league soccer players: A comparative DXA analysis of first team, U21 and U18 squads. Journal of Sports Sciences, 414(May), 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Moon, J. R. (2013). Body composition in athletes and sports nutrition: An examination of the bioimpedance analysis technique. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 67(Suppl 1), S54–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nana, A., Slater, G. J., Hopkins, W. G., Halson, S. L., Martin, D. T., West, N. P., & Burke, L. M. (2016). Importance of standardized DXA protocol for assessing physique changes in athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 26(3), 259–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rebelo, A., Brito, J., Maia, J., Coelho-e-Silva, M. J., Figueiredo, A. J., Bangsbo, J., … Seabra, A. (2013). Anthropometric characteristics, physical fitness and technical performance of under-19 soccer players by competitive level and field position. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 34(4), 312–317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly, T., George, K., Marfell-Jones, M., Scott, M., Sutton, L., & Wallace, J. A. (2009). How well do skinfold equations predict percent body fat in elite soccer players? International Journal of Sports Medicine, 30(8), 607–613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez, G., Moreno, L. A., Blay, M. G., Blay, V. A., Fleta, J., & Sarría, A.; AVENA-Zaragoza Study Group. (2005). Body fat measurement in adolescents: Comparison of skinfold thickness equations with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 59(10), 1158–1166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouillier, M.-A., David-Riel, S., Brazeau, A.-S., St-Pierre, D. H., & Karelis, A. D. (2015). Effect of an acute high carbohydrate diet on body composition using DXA in young men. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 66(4), 233–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarría, A., García-Llop, L. A., Moreno, L. A., Fleta, J., Morellón, M. P., & Bueno, M. (1998). Skinfold thickness measurements are better predictors of body fat percentage than body mass index in male Spanish children and adolescents. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 52(8), 573–576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva, A. M., Fields, D. A., & Sardinha, L. B. (2013). A PRISMA-driven systematic review of predictive equations for assessing fat and fat-free mass in healthy children and adolescents using multicomponent molecular models as the reference method. Journal of Obesity, (2013, 148696.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Siri, W. E. (1956). The gross composition of the body. Advances in Biological and Medical Physics. doi:10.1016/B978-1-4832-3110-5.50011-X
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Slater, G. J., Duthie, G. M., Pyne, D. B., & Hopkins, W. G. (2006). Validation of a skinfold based index for tracking proportional changes in lean mass. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 40, 208–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slaughter, M. H., Lohman, T. G., Boileau, R. A., Horswill, C. A., Stillman, R. J., Van Loan, M. D., & Bemben, D. A. (1988). Skinfold equations for estimation of body fatness in children and youth. Human Biology; an International Record of Research, 60(5), 709–723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, A., Marfell-Jones, M., Olds, T., & de Ridder, H. (2011). International standards for anthropometric assessment. Lower Hutt: ISAK: The International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart, A. D., & Hannan, W. J. (2000). Prediction of fat and fat-free mass in male athletes using dual X-ray absorptiometry as the reference method. Journal of Sports Sciences, 18, 263–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suarez-Arrones, L., Núñez, J., Sáez de Villareal, E., Gálvez, J., Suarez-Sanchez, G., & Munguía-Izquierdo, D. (2016). Repeated-high-intensity-running activity and internal training load of elite rugby sevens players during international matches: A comparison between halves. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 11(4), 495–499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teixeira, A. S., Valente-dos-Santos, J., Coelho-E-Silva, M. J., Malina, R. M., Fernandes-da-Silva, J., Cesar Do Nascimento Salvador, P., … Guglielmo, L. G. A. (2015). Skeletal maturation and aerobic performance in young soccer players from professional academies. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 36(13), 1069–1075.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulijaszek, S. J., & Kerr, D. A. (1999). Anthropometric measurement error and the assessment of nutritional status. The British Journal of Nutrition, 82(3), 165–177. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10655963
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vänttinen, T., Blomqvist, M., Nyman, K., & Häkkinen, K. (2011). Changes in body composition, hormonal status, and physical fitness in 11-, 13-, and 15-year-old Finnish regional youth soccer players during a two-year follow-up. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(12), 3342–3351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells, J. C. K., Williams, J. E., Chomtho, S., Darch, T., Grijalva-Eternod, C., Kennedy, K., … Fewtrell, M. S. (2010). Pediatric reference data for lean tissue properties: Density and hydration from age 5 to 20 y. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 91(3), 610–618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Withers, R., Craig, N., Bourdon, P., & Norton, K. (1987). Relative body fat and anthropometric predicition of body density of male athletes. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 56(2), 191–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar