References
- Bloomer, R. J. (2008). Effect of exercise on oxidative stress biomarkers. Advances in Clinical Chemistry, 46, 1–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2423(08)00401-0
- Broedbaek, K., Køster-Rasmussen, R., Siersma, V., Persson, F., Poulsen, H. E., & Olivarius, N. D. F. (2017). Urinary albumin and 8-oxo-7, 8-dihydroguanosine as markers of mortality and cardiovascular disease during 19 years after diagnosis of type 2 diabetes – A comparative study of two markers to identify high risk patients. Redox Biology, 13, 363–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2017.06.005
- Broedbaek, K., Siersma, V., Henriksen, T., Weimann, A., Petersen, M., Andersen, J. T., Jimenez-Solem, E., Hansen, L. J., Henriksen, J. E., Bonnema, S. J., de Fine Olivarius, N., & Poulsen, H. E. (2013). Association between urinary markers of nucleic acid oxidation and mortality in type 2 diabetes: A population-based cohort study. Diabetes Care, 36(3), 669–676. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-0998
- Broedbaek, K., Siersma, V., Henriksen, T., Weimann, A., Petersen, M., Andersen, J. T., Jimenez-Solem, E., Stovgaard, E. S., Hansen, L. J., Henriksen, J. E., Bonnema, S. J., de Fine Olivarius, N., & Poulsen, H. E. (2011). Urinary markers of nucleic acid oxidation and long-term mortality of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care, 34(12), 2594–2596. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc11-1620
- Cheng, K. C., Cahill, D. S., Kasai, H., Nishimura, S., & Loeb, L. A. (1992). 8-hydroxyguanine, an abundant form of oxidative DNA damage, causes G → T and A → C substitutions. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 267(1), 166–172. Retrieved from https://www.jbc.org/content/267/1/166.long
- Evans, M. D., & Cooke, M. S. (2004). Factors contributing to the outcome of oxidative damage to nucleic acids. BioEssays, 26(5), 533–542. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.20027
- Fisher, F. M., & Maratos-Flier, E. (2016). Understanding the Physiology of FGF21. Annual Review of Physiology, 78(1), 223–241. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-021115-105339
- Galea, G. L., Lanyon, L. E., & Price, J. S. (2017). Sclerostin’s role in bone’s adaptive response to mechanical loading. Bone, 96, 38–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2016.10.008
- Gomez-Cabrera, M.-C., Martínez, A., Santangelo, G., Pallardó, F. V., Sastre, J., & Viña, J. (2006). Oxidative stress in marathon runners: Interest of antioxidant supplementation. British Journal of Nutrition, 96(S1), S31–S33. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN20061696
- Gómez-Sámano, M. Á., Grajales-Gómez, M., Zuarth-Vázquez, J. M., Navarro-Flores, M. F., Martínez-Saavedra, M., Juárez-León, Ó. A., Morales-García, M. G., Enríquez-Estrada, V. M., Gómez-Pérez, F. J., & Cuevas-Ramos, D. (2017). Fibroblast growth factor 21 and its novel association with oxidative stress. Redox Biology, 11, 335–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2016.12.024
- Hansen, J. S., Clemmesen, J. O., Secher, N. H., Hoene, M., Drescher, A., Weigert, C., Pedersen, B. K., & Plomgaard, P. (2015). Glucagon-to-insulin ratio is pivotal for splanchnic regulation of FGF-21 in humans. Molecular Metabolism, 4(8), 551–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2015.06.001
- Harris, P. A., Taylor, R., Minor, B. L., Elliott, V., Fernandez, M., O’Neal, L., McLeod, L., Delacqua, G., Delacqua, F., Kirby, J., & Duda, S. N. (2019). The REDCap consortium: Building an international community of software platform partners. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 95, 103208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2019.103208
- Harris, P. A., Taylor, R., Thielke, R., Payne, J., Gonzalez, N., & Conde, J. G. (2009). Research electronic data capture (REDCap)—A metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 42(2), 377–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2008.08.010
- Kharitonenkov, A., Shiyanova, T. L., Koester, A., Ford, A. M., Micanovic, R., Galbreath, E. J., Sandusky, G. E., Hammond, L. J., Moyers, J. S., Owens, R. A., Gromada, J., Brozinick, J. T., Hawkins, E. D., Wroblewski, V. J., Li, D.-S., Mehrbod, F., Jaskunas, S. R., & Shanafelt, A. B. (2005). FGF-21 as a novel metabolic regulator. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 115(6), 1627–1635. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI23606
- Kim, K. H., Kim, S. H., Min, Y.-K., Yang, H.-M., Lee, J.-B., Lee, M.-S., & Moro, C. (2013). Acute exercise induces FGF21 expression in mice and in healthy humans. PloS One, 8(5), e63517. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0063517
- Kjær, L. K., Cejvanovic, V., Henriksen, T., Petersen, K. M., Hansen, T., Torp-Pedersen, O., Christensen, C. K., Torp-Pedersen, C., Gerds, T., Brandslund, I., Mandrup-Poulsen, T., & Poulsen, H. E. (2017). Cardiovascular and all-cause mortality risk associated with urinary excretion of 8-oxoGuo, a biomarker for RNA oxidation, in patients with type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study. Diabetes Care, 40(12), 1771–1778. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-1150
- Kofoed Kjaer, L., Cejvanovic, V., Henriksen, T., Hansen, T., Pedersen, O., Kjeldahl Christensen, C., Torp-Pedersen, C., Alexander Gerds, T., Brandslund, I., Mandrup-Poulsen, T., & Enghusen Poulsen, H. (2019). Urinary nucleic acid oxidation product levels show differential associations with pharmacological treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes. Free Radical Research, 53(6), 694–703. https://doi.org/10.1080/10715762.2019.1622011
- Larsen, E. L., Weimann, A., & Poulsen, H. E. (2019). Interventions targeted at oxidatively generated modifications of nucleic acids focused on urine and plasma markers. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 145, 256–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.09.030
- Lugrin, J., Rosenblatt-Velin, N., Parapanov, R., & Liaudet, L. (2014). The role of oxidative stress during inflammatory processes. Biological Chemistry, 395(2), 203–230. https://doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2013-0241
- Margaritelis, N. V., Theodorou, A. A., Paschalis, V., Veskoukis, A. S., Dipla, K., Zafeiridis, A., Panayiotou, G., Vrabas, I. S., Kyparos, A., & Nikolaidis, M. G. (2018). Adaptations to endurance training depend on exercise-induced oxidative stress: Exploiting redox interindividual variability. Acta Physiologica, 222(2), e12898. https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.12898
- Miller, G. D., Teramoto, M., Smeal, S. J., Cushman, D., & Eichner, D. (2019). Assessing serum albumin concentration following exercise-induced fluid shifts in the context of the athlete biological passport. Drug Testing and Analysis, 11(6), 782–791. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.2571
- Mrakic-Sposta, S., Gussoni, M., Moretti, S., Pratali, L., Giardini, G., Tacchini, P., Dellanoce, C., Tonacci, A., Mastorci, F., Borghini, A., Montorsi, M., Vezzoli, A., & Tauler, P. (2015). Effects of mountain ultra-marathon running on ROS production and oxidative damage by micro-invasive analytic techniques. PloS One, 10(11), e0141780. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141780
- Neubauer, O., Reichhold, S., Nersesyan, A., Konig, D., & Wagner, K.-H. (2008). Exercise-induced DNA damage: Is there a relationship with inflammatory responses? Exercise Immunology Review, 14, 51–72. Retrieved fro http://eir-isei.de/2008/eir-2008-051-article.pdf
- Pedersen, B. K., & Febbraio, M. A. (2008). Muscle as an endocrine organ: Focus on muscle-derived interleukin-6. Physiological Reviews, 88(4), 1379–1406. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.90100.2007
- Pedersen, B. K., Steensberg, A., Fischer, C., Keller, C., Ostrowski, K., & Schjerling, P. (2001). Exercise and cytokines with particular focus on muscle-derived IL-6. Exercise immunology review, 7, 18–31. Retrieved from https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Exercise-and-cytokines-with-particular-focus-on-Pedersen-Steensberg/249ca728ae1062a10aec07435a1f6de7d3f133e1
- Poulsen, H. E., Weimann, A., Henriksen, T., Kjær, L. K., Larsen, E. L., Carlsson, E. R., Christensen, C. K., Brandslund, I., & Fenger, M. (2019). Oxidatively generated modifications to nucleic acids in vivo: Measurement in urine and plasma. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 145, 336–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.10.001
- Powers, S. K., & Jackson, M. J. (2008). Exercise-induced oxidative stress: Cellular mechanisms and impact on muscle force production. Physiological Reviews, 88(4), 1243–1276. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00031.2007
- Qvist, P., Christgau, S., Pedersen, B. J., Schlemmer, A., & Christiansen, C. (2002). Circadian variation in the serum concentration of C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (serum CTx): Effects of gender, age, menopausal status, posture, daylight, serum cortisol, and fasting. Bone, 31(1), 57–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/S8756-3282(02)00791-3
- R Core Team. (2019). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from https://www.r-project.org/.
- Radak, Z., Chung, H. Y., Koltai, E., Taylor, A. W., & Goto, S. (2008). Exercise, oxidative stress and hormesis. Ageing Research Reviews, 7(1), 34–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2007.04.004
- Radak, Z., Pucsuk, J., Boros, S., Josfai, L., & Taylor, A. W. (2000). Changes in urine 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine levels of super-marathon runners during a four-day race period. Life Sciences, 66(18), 1763–1767. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0024-3205(00)00499-9
- Rasmussen, S. T., Andersen, J. T., Nielsen, T. K., Cejvanovic, V., Petersen, K. M., Henriksen, T., Weimann, A., Lykkesfeldt, J., & Poulsen, H. E. (2016). Simvastatin and oxidative stress in humans: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Redox Biology, 9, 32–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2016.05.007
- Ristow, M., Zarse, K., Oberbach, A., Kloting, N., Birringer, M., Kiehntopf, M., Stumvoll, M., Kahn, C. R., & Bluher, M. (2009). Antioxidants prevent health-promoting effects of physical exercise in humans. Advances in Clinical Chemistry, 106(21), 8665–8670. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0903485106
- Roy, B., Curtis, M. E., Fears, L. S., Nahashon, S. N., & Fentress, H. M. (2016). Molecular mechanisms of obesity-induced osteoporosis and muscle atrophy. Frontiers in Physiology, 7, 439. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2016.00439
- Santos, V. C., Sierra, A. P. R., Oliveira, R., Caçula, K. G., Momesso, C. M., Sato, F. T., Silva, M. B. B., Oliveira, H. H., Passos, M. E. P., De Souza, D. R., Gondim, O. S., Benetti, M., Levada-Pires, A. C., Ghorayeb, N., Dal Molin Kiss, M. A. P., Gorjão, R., Pithon-Curi, T. C., Cury-Boaventura, M. F., & Sastre, J. (2016). Marathon race affects neutrophil surface molecules: Role of inflammatory mediators. PloS One, 11(12), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0166687
- Sanyal, A., Charles, E. D., Neuschwander-Tetri, B. A., Loomba, R., Harrison, S. A., Abdelmalek, M. F., Lawitz, E. J., Halegoua-DeMarzio, D., Kundu, S., Noviello, S., Luo, Y., & Christian, R. (2018). Pegbelfermin (BMS-986036), a PEGylated fibroblast growth factor 21 analogue, in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2a trial. The Lancet, 392(10165), 2705–2717. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31785-9
- Sies, H., Berndt, C., & Jones, D. P. (2017). Oxidative Stress. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 86(1), 715–748. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-biochem-061516-045037
- Smith, E. L., & Gilligan, C. (2013). Physical activity effects on bone metabolism. Cell Metabolism, 17(2), 162–184. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02555089
- Søberg, S., Andersen, E. S., Dalsgaard, N. B., Jarlhelt, I., Hansen, N. L., Hoffmann, N., Vilsbøll, T., Chenchar, A., Jensen, M., Grevengoed, T. J., Trammell, S. A. J., Knop, F. K., & Gillum, M. P. (2018). FGF21, a liver hormone that inhibits alcohol intake in mice, increases in human circulation after acute alcohol ingestion and sustained binge drinking at Oktoberfest. Molecular Metabolism, 11, 96–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2018.03.010
- Søberg, S., Sandholt, C. H., Jespersen, N. Z., Toft, U., Madsen, A. L., von Holstein-rathlou, S., Grevengoed, T. J., Christensen, K. B., Bredie, W. L. P., Potthoff, M. J., Solomon, T. P. J., Scheele, C., Linneberg, A., Jørgensen, T., Pedersen, O., Hansen, T., Gillum, M. P., & Grarup, N. (2017). FGF21 is a sugar-induced hormone associated with sweet intake and preference in humans. Cell Metabolism, 25(5), 1045–1053.e6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2017.04.009
- Tanaka, M., Chock, P. B., & Stadtman, E. R. (2007). Oxidized messenger RNA induces translation errors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(1), 66–71. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0609737104
- Thompson, D., Williams, C., McGregor, S. J., Nicholas, C. W., McArdle, F., Jackson, M. J., & Powell, J. R. (2001). Prolonged vitamin C supplementation and recovery from demanding exercise. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 11(4), 466–481. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.11.4.466
- Tian, Y., Ma, X., Yang, C., Su, P., Yin, C., & Qian, A.-R. (2017). The impact of oxidative stress on the bone system in response to the space special environment. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(10), 2132. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18102132
- Tsai, K., Hsu, T. G., Hsu, K. M., Cheng, H., Liu, T. Y., Hsu, C. F., & Kong, C. W. (2001). Oxidative DNA damage in human peripheral leukocytes induced by massive aerobic exercise. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 31(11), 1465–1472. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5849(01)00729-8
- Valavanidis, A., Vlachogianni, T., & Fiotakis, C. (2009). 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG): A critical biomarker of oxidative stress and carcinogenesis. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 27(2), 120–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/10590500902885684
- Vassilakopoulos, T., Karatza, M.-H., Katsaounou, P., Kollintza, A., Zakynthinos, S., & Roussos, C. (2003). Antioxidants attenuate the plasma cytokine response to exercise in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 94(3), 1025–1032. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00735.2002
- Wagner, K.-H., Reichhold, S., & Neubauer, O. (2011). Impact of endurance and ultraendurance exercise on DNA damage. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1229(1), 115–123. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06106.x
- Wang, J.-X., Gao, J., Ding, S.-L., Wang, K., Jiao, J.-Q., Wang, Y., Sun, T., Zhou, L.-Y., Long, B., Zhang, X.-J., Li, Q., Liu, J.-P., Feng, C., Liu, J., Gong, Y., Zhou, Z., & Li, P.-F. (2015). Oxidative modification of mir-184 enables it to target Bcl-xL and Bcl-w. Molecular Cell, 59(1), 50–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2015.05.003
- Zhang, C., Shao, M., Yang, H., Chen, L., Yu, L., Cong, W., Tian, H., Zhang, F., Cheng, P., Jin, L., Tan, Y., Li, X., Cai, L., Lu, X., & Peng, T. (2013). Attenuation of hyperlipidemia- and diabetes-induced early-stage apoptosis and late-stage renal dysfunction via administration of fibroblast growth factor-21 is associated with suppression of renal inflammation. PloS One, 8(12), e82275. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082275